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How the science of discoveries affects human life
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‘It is more important to discover new ways of thinking about what is already known than to discover new data or facts’. To what extent would you agree with this claim?
Albert Einstein said, “We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive.” This new manner of thinking should be based on pre-existing knowledge. This pre-existing knowledge is necessary because it is the catalyst that pushes the human race forward, making us want to discover more. Trying to discover completely new knowledge would not yield the same results. Basing your research off what you already know allows you to compare the new data that you collected to the old data that is already present. If you discover something new you will have nothing to compare it with. This does not allow you the luxury of seeing if what you discovered was an improvement. This essay will examine how important it is to discover new ways of thinking about prior knowledge than it is to discover new facts. I believe that using prior knowledge to push discovery is much more important than trying to discovers new data or facts.
Medicine is one area that constantly looks to use prior knowledge to discover new things. Take the HeLa cells for instance. The initial discover of these cells occurred in 1951. These cells came from a black woman named Henrietta Lacks. She was diagnosed with cervical cancer. He doctor took a segment of her tumor and sent it to Dr. George Otto Grey, who was the first scientist to successfully grow human cells in a culture. These cells would go on to be used in research for cloning, the polio vaccine, gene mapping and in virto fertilization. These cells were important to science because no scientist had an endless supply of cells ...
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...n can be affected by the quest to discover something new. In some cases it can lead to betterment, but in other cases it can cause many problems.
Works Cited
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Freeman, David H. "The Triumph of New-Age Medicine." The Atlantic. 2011. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. .
"The Big Bang." PBS. PBS. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. .
“The Steady State Theory.” PBS. PBS. Web. 27 Feb.2012..
"Plato's Cave." My Webspace Files. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. .
...exploring ideas that interest you. We need more scientists who are willing to go against the grain and challenge our current understandings of the world. This is how scientific discoveries are born.
Traditionally, the main goal of medicine, as in the practice of, has been to cure diseases and prevent death, a classic human vs. nature scenario. To overcome death, which is a part of all the life cycles in the natural world, is virtually impossible. However, I am not here to argue the validity of man's fight with nature. I am trying to explain that the traditional medical community has but one enemy, and its success with that enemy has been limited. However, as time passes, the main goals of medicine start to become questionable. Daniel Callahan addresses some of modern medicines new goals in the fifth chapter of False Hopes. Describing the second great attraction of modern medicine, he writes:
...vercome, there is more of a chance to capture such great discoveries. People need to realize that if they never take the time to stop and look around, appreciate the small things in life, they might miss out on important details and or moments that the world has to offer. Scientist didn’t obtain their greatest discoveries by looking at the world with a closed mind. During the months of September through Novemeber, the leaves start to fall off the trees. It is obvious its fall, but what else is occurring? Gravity. Albert Einstein discovered gravity by watching and ordinary object fall. At that moment he became a scientific unscrupulous observer.
Pfeiffer, Carl J. The Art and Practice of Western Medicine in the Early Nineteenth Century. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland, 1985.
In “The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Research” it says, “they are the source of the methods, problem-field, and standards of solution accepted by any mature scientific community at any given time.” These new discoveries can lead then to advancements and as a result can lead them to build a better society. Human beings will be able to reconstruct a better institutional framework which will bring them a prosperous and happy
We, as humans, are constantly on an ongoing journey to pack our knowledge hungry brains with more and more information. Almost demoting knowledge to a drug for the fact that we are continuously seeking more of it like an addict. Sometimes though, we can "overdose" on it to the point that we give ourselves a headache and are left in need of a break. Ironically, no matter how much information we cram into our brains, we are never fully capable of using our brains to its full potential, in a way defeating the whole purpose of expanding our growth for knowledge . Sadly enough Thomas Alva Edison, inventor of the light bulb, points out the reality that, "we don't know one-millionth of one percent about anything" (Knowledge 1). Amusingly coming from a man who yielded the knowledge to invent an array of iconic devices, ranging from the light bulb to the motion picture camera, it eludes the actuality of how even though we are always looking for new knowledge, we will never be able to really know everything. Similarly, by connecting points made in Yarrow Dunham lecture and in Carl Sagan's essay “Can We Know the Universe?” we see the same inferences as acknowledged by Edison. Through the lecture and the essay we can vividly see some of the fundamental implications that arise for the concept of knowledge.
In the present day, knowledge has become a commodity as its acquirement is always associated with its application in a specific field. The nature of our expanding world seems to be causing us to forget why we began learning in the first place; it was not to train to become an office clerk who is the world champion in spreadsheets, instead, the curiosity of man has always pushed the threshold of knowledge further and further into the unknown, with this, bringing unexpected changes and implications. For this paper, knowledge is defined as knowing something either from personal experience or a third party; however, the definition also includes the understanding of science and any specific technique of achieving something. The definition allows
Prior knowledge plays a pivotal role in every aspect of human life. Knowledge can be stored in various formats like images, features, statistical patterns, all these formats help in making sense of the environment. Using prior knowledge humans can perform various activities including, but not limited to: focusing attention, organizing information in to groups, categorizing objects around, hypothesizing, understanding language, and generating inferences(Smith & Kosslyn, 2007). Processing of information is influenced by prior knowledge during the top down processing. Once signal has been detected by the biological visual system, we try to infer meaning using the prior related knowledge which has been stored in the long term memory based on category, association and similarity in features and statistical patterns(Wickens, Lee, Liu, & Becker, 2004). Prior knowledge has no boundaries and it keeps on changing based on experience with the environment making it easier for us humans to understand our surrounding better and quicker as time passes.
It is quite normative to assume that all contribution towards the pursuit of knowledge be of some benefit, else we would not consider it. However what happens if a new discovery holds knowledge that is of more use then the present knowledge, do we accept that progress has been made and thus reject previous information? For this to happen the “new knowledge” which we can define as the most recent knowledge must have changed in a more cohesive manner the way in which we understand a specific factor. This would allow us to accept the new knowledge instead of the previous one. In natural science where the physical world is studied, knowledge can be said to be in constant change. For this reason we see research in this field act like a chain, where new discoveries always build off of prior analysis. Therefore, to what extent can it be said that knowledge is discarded in the “tomorrow”? For the purpose of this essay we will define “to discard” as the act of disposing knowledge because it holds no use. In ethics were a universal set of moral codes is presented what we view as being “wrong” could have possibly been an orthodox in previous decades. Thus, in order for it to change the values of an entire society must be altered. Having an understanding of what previous generations believed offers a wider insight to our past and forewarns the consequences of certain actions. Is it therefore right to assume that prior information should be forgotten if proven inaccurate? It must be considered that though knowledge changes, it does not necessarily imply that it is no longer considered.
however sometimes the inhereted knowledge affects the way we think and act and prevents us from exploring the unknown.
Passive observation or active experimentation is not the only way to produce knowledge, they cannot be used per se; and they require other additional ways of knowing such as imagination and faith. “There are only two ways in which humankind can produce knowledge”. Just from this statement, numerous questions already arise. First of all, how do we define knowledge? Knowledge, at its core, is information we acquire through experience and education. But the “production” of knowledge is arguable, can knowledge really be produced by humans, or is it discovered?
4. “Without application in the real world, the value of knowledge is greatly diminished.” Consider this claim with respect to two areas of knowledge.
Knowledge has a preliminary definition which is that it is justified true belief. Due to its dynamic nature, knowledge is subject to review and revision over time. Although, we may believe we have objective facts from various perceptions over time, such facts become re-interpreted in light of improved evidence, findings or technology and instigates new knowledge. This raises the questions, To what extent is knowledge provisional? and In what ways does the rise of new evidence give us a good reason to discard our old knowledge? This new knowledge can be gained in any of the different areas of knowledge, by considering the two areas of knowledge; History and Natural Sciences, I will be able to tackle these knowledge issues since they both offer more objective, yet regularly updated knowledge, which is crucial in order to explore this statement. I believe that rather than discarding knowledge we build upon it and in doing so access better knowledge, as well as getting closer to the truth.
First, I’ll attempt to explain which methods and procedures will be the future of modern medicine. The procedures that will be the future of modern medicine currently fall into the realms of taboo and fictional. These procedures encompass every aspect of medical science from exploration of the human body, curing of diseases, to improving a person’s quality of life. Many of these procedures are not very well known while a few have been in the spotlight. These procedures are; cloning, nano-robotics, retro-viruses, and genetic manipulation via gene-specific medications. For any serious breakthroughs in modern medical science we must embrace these new forms of treatment instead of shying away from them.
As it becomes evident from historical observations, research was creation of the curiosity which is caused by the human nature. A lot of the discoveries that occurred in the ancient years were achieved by luck. After that they acquired experience and skills to explore more and more for new achievements. The acute interest on discovering new methods and ideas gave answers to questions which faced the society of each period. All this doubts could not be answered on their own. Some people had to make researches on specific subjects, they had to observe them and after a lot of work on it they had to present the result. They got experience on resolving problems of humanity and so science appeared. Nowadays, science is involved in every aspect of our life, even in subjects that we can not imagine. We can meet remarkable examples of scientific achievements in technology and also in society but they will be analyzed in the next chapters.