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In section 1, I shall discuss the concept of bureaucracy in leadership by drawing upon the article by Koremenos (2005) and the impact of bureaucratic leadership in Kodak’s bankruptcy (Kotter, 2012). In section 2, I shall show how the practices have changed by drawing light upon the use of skills, style and contingency approaches in leadership in a non- bureaucratic environment (Browning, 2007) and support it by relevant examples. Moreover, in section 2, I shall support my argument by illustrating the writings of Bolden and Golsing’s (2006) regarding the use of competency approach in a post bureaucratic environment. Rather than leaving it there, in section 3, I attempt to explore the implication, need and benefits of virtuousness as discussed by Cameron (2011)and organizational compassion from the writing of Dutton, Frost, Worline, Lilius, and Kanov(2002). In conclusion, I shall question the effectiveness of different approaches in post bureaucratic era in producing better leaders, if it is really relevant or if bureaucracy is required in some organization to function better.
During the age of rapidly changing organizational environments, some bureaucratic leaders emphasized on historical methods to solve problems. Leaders of bureaucratic era were complacent, driven by goals; they discourage independent thinking, add layers of control to protect their status and restrict the flow of information to aid their power. As described by Koremenos (2005) in her research on IDOA's former leadership style:
Director Otwell communicated directly only with her Division Managers. When asked whether she had had much contact with more subordinate levels, she stated: ‘No, I never felt the need to. That wouldn’t have been my role anyway.
This beh...
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...r, J. 2012, ’Barriers to Change: The Real Reason Behind the Kodak Downfall - Forbes. 2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2012/05/02/barriers-to-change-the-real-reason-behindthe-kodak-downfall/. [Accessed 07 April 2014].
Bolden, R. & Gosling, J. 2006, ’Leadership Competencies: Time to Change the Tune?, Leadership, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 155-156
Browning, B.W. 2007, ‘Leadership in desperate times: An analysis of Endurance: Shackelton's incredible voyage through the lens of leadership theory', Advances in Developing Human Resources, vol. 9, no. 2, pp 183-98
Cameron, K. 2011, 'Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 98, no. 1, pg- 26- 30
Dutton, J.E., Frost, P., Worline, M.C., Lilius, J.M. & Kanov, J.M. 2002, 'Leading in times of trauma', Harvard Business Review, vol. 80, no. 1, pp 56- 61
Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin
Pierce, Jon L. and John W. Newstrom (2011) 6th edition. Leaders and the Leadership Process.
Kouzes, J., & Posner, B., (2007). The leadership challenge, (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-
By definition, bureaucratic organization may not seem to be a bad thing. However, in practice, bureaucracies are known to have a negative effect on all its participants. As defined by Samuel Kernell and Gary Jacobson, "The model bureaucracy is, in short, a purposive machine with interchangeable human parts." Bureaucracies are dehumanizing, they train for obedience, and stifle creative thought. The characteristics of bureaucratic organization that have the worst effect on its participants and most compromise efficiency are its hierarchical structure in which all the power resides at the top and the specialization of tasks.
Bureaucracy has been the main form of organisation for over a century and can be characterised by the following: functional specialisation, employees carrying out one function of activity as their primary role; hierarchy of authority, those in superior positions having authority based solely on the virtue of the position itself; a system of rules, the tasks of the organisation following a formal set of procedures and practices; and impersonality, individuals being treated on the basis of the rules rather than emotions and personality (Knights & Willmott, 2012). The mainstream perspective states that a bureaucratic organisation’s central aim is to maximise efficiency, objectivity and fairness and can be thought of as a ‘machine’ with the people making up the components (Knights & Willmott, 2012). This view attributes three problems to this rule-centred organisation: poor motivation, poor customer service and a resistance to innovation and change (Knights & Willmott, 2012). Employees in bureaucratic organisations tend not to be committed to their
Assessment tools can be a good start for individuals to assess their leadership characteristics and skills, such as Grossman and Valiga’s Leadership Characteristcs and Skills Assessment (Grossman and Valiga, 2013). These tools may be helpful but its accuracy is questionable. The assessment can overestimate or underestimate an individual’s skills since it is a self-subjective administered assessment that is biased towards the taker. An overconfident person may perceive their skills highly and an under confident person may have low results.
Originally presented in the 1964 article “A contingency model of leadership effectiveness”, Fred Fiedler’s Contingency Theory states that there is no one best managerial style effective for all situations. Rather, effective leadership is attained when leader style and situational forces or aligned. (Fiedler, 1964)
Whitener, J. K. (2007). Year of wonders: The wonder of leadership. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(2), 214-222,226-230,234-235. from ABI/INFORM Global.
Kandola, B. (2004). Skills development: the missing link in increasing diversity in leadership. Industrial and Commercial Training, 36(4), 143-147.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). The leadership challenge: How to make extraordinary
When it comes to management and leadership within any organization, there are fundamental components to consider, of which, managers of all backgrounds embody. One way to briefly assess these foundations is through Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS), allowing examination of skill competencies from a number of strengths and weaknesses that can be brought to attention. This analysis will briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the PAMS examination results and analyze the skill competencies and how they impact the role as an ethical leader. For the purpose of this examination, strengths will be assumed to be topics where the quality is in abundance. This comes with the assumption that while their importance may
Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Chan, K. W. & Maubourgne, R. A. 1992, Parables of leadership, Harvard Business Review, July-August.
She conveys that business administration should avoid troublesome internalization by using an integrative technique. Unfortunately, Follett does not elaborate further on the context of what might this integration method appear to be. She changes the direction of her focus back onto the preparation of giving orders. Now, giving orders is a significant component to management but Follett should have provided additional information revolving the integration of management and the giving of orders. Fairholm suggests, “they misunderstand the evolving nature of authority derived from changing social structures, and because they have missed opportunities to tie in research procedures and focuses from intellectual interests such as psychology, sociology, history, and political science, not just scientific management, Weberian bureaucracy, and the like.” (Fairholm. 2004). Follett provides psychological perspectives, however maybe she misunderstands other perspectives, why further development is needed for her to examine. Follett later admits there is additional psychological, learning about the development of habits and the preventative measures of giving orders greatly surpasses than what she can explain in this article. It would be interesting if, she has examined and considered other theories and philosophies surrounding giving orders and
In this paper I will look at the four major leadership styles, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and in what situations a particular leadership style is desired. Additionally, I will look at my leadership style and how I acquired this style throughout my career.