1) Power is a difficult concept to identify; it has been defined in several ways by many scholars. Hinings et al. (1967) state that power is analogous to bureaucracy, while Bierstedt (1950) and Blau (1964) state that it is purely coercion (Stojkovic et al, 2008). Moreover, Hall and Tolbert (2005) identify that there are five types of power, reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert (Stojkovic et al, 2008). According to studies these five types of power are important and needed in a criminal justice agency for greater effectiveness and efficiency.
The five different types of power cannot be implemented in every unit; instead different policies need to put in place within different units for effective administration power. According to Tifft (1978) different units of a police force permit different types of power to be developed (Stojkovic et al, 2008). Coercive and legitimate power can be observed in a patrol sergeant because the unit’s specific duties, whereas a tactical unit shows extreme levels of referent, expert, and legitimate power due to the unique structural design and activities (Stojkovic et al, 2008). For example, in a police agency detective units would benefit greatly if sergeants had previous experience in the unit, due to the fact that expert power and knowledge is essential to the sergeant’s role (Stojkovic et al, 2008). Since knowledge of methods of common crimes gives the sergeant necessary information that is valued and respected by subordinate detectives, it is essential for police administrator to implement people in the unit who have had experience as detectives (Stojkovic et al, 2008). Thus, the social bases of power differ between organizations and structural characteristics affect the s...
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The last episode of conflict is conflict aftermath. At this stage if the issues listed in the latent conflict episode are dealt with in a satisfactory manner, the conflict will be resolved (Stojkovic et al, 2008). This is the type of resolution that managers and supervisors should seek in order to keep organizational conflict to a minimum. However, if the conflicts listed above are not addressed and only suppressed, then the conflict will resurface and the organization will enter the stage of conflict aftermath (Stojkovic et al, 2008). The problem with this episode is that it could become serious and weaken the relationship between two parties and will never be repaired fully. For example, in prisons, if the conditions listed in the latent conflict are never resolved the conflict will worsen until another disturbance occurs (Stojkovic et al, 2008)
Power can be defined as the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people. A variety of different things can drive power, including both knowledge and experience. Power in most cases is needed to establish authority. In today’s country, the United States government has a lot of power. It has so much power that even American citizens are beginning to complain about it. Having all this power and authority has allowed the government to make decisions quicker. However, by making decisions faster, some mistakes can be made and innocent people can be convicted. This point is directly exemplified when using two New Yorker articles, “Surviving Solitary” and ‘A Shot to The Heart.” Both articles consist of results produced quite
Imperialism in the Caribbean region produced institutions and movements that deeply affected and continue to affect the Caribbean region. Interpersonal conflicts related to gender, sex and sexuality in a character represent the colonization and its ongoing effects in the Caribbean region. Throughout the semester we have read many novels that have emphasized Caribbean women’s subjectivities and how they have been obliterated through race, gender, ethnicity and sexuality. Elizabeth Nunez’s novel, Bruised Hibiscus, is a Caribbean novel filled with the complexities of colonization and patterns of power in the lives of individual men and women. Colonization is definitely represented as part of the problem in this novel; however, Nunez’s readers realize the domination of men over women in European colonialism as well as the differences between passion and power, black and white, and male and female. Bruised Hibiscus is a dark exploration of power and sexuality due to the finding of a murdered woman’s body that causes consciousness of both women. The empowerment created through interpersonal conflicts often results in the life one lives based on the power exhibited through gender, sex and sexuality.
The arrogance of power is an insightful read for those who wish to put today 's global events in perspective. Although it was originally written in 1966 and may be considered dated, Fulbright’s eloquently written arguments are timeless and are important sources to help us gain a greater comprehension of what makes what Fulbright would consider a wise and strategic foreign policy. This book would be of great assistance in developing an objective view of American foreign policies as seen from abroad.
(Swanson, Territo and Taylor, p. 2). However, in recent years some major changes have occurred in a shorter time period. Innovations in law enforcement During the past two decades, I have observed major changes in the viewpoint of society towards police officer's as the symbol of trust and dignity, the technological advances of communication and information systems in law enforcement, and the revision of selection and hiring practices for police officers. Organizational change occurs both as a result of internal and external agents (Swanson, Territo and Taylor, p. 664).
The Evils of Absolute Power The above statement was written by a liberal called Lord Acton, he is what is commonly called a classical liberal. Classical liberalism was pre-Twentieth century liberalism, before it was revised because of the progress in industrialisation. However, the consistent central theme of liberalism in both forms (classical and modern) is individualism. Classical liberals see humans as being selfish and egoistical beings, as opposed to the modern liberal thought that humans are altruistic.
a member of the judiciary such as a judge, the authority is not in the
Common sense is an ability to receive, interpret, and judge a situation reasonably. Common sense has a direct correlation to the discretion a law enforcement officer will utilize throughout their career. This paper will discuss a few aspects of the law enforcement profession that relates to mechanisms emplaced to deal with discretion: internal control mechanisms, external control mechanisms, citizen control m...
Obedience is a form of social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure. Already at an early age we are taught to obey authority figures within our social groups through influences such as parents, teachers or even religious establishments.
There are several sources of power, some of them are authority, reward, expertise, and coercion.
The article Police Integrity: Rankings of Scenarios on the Klockars Scale by “Management Cops,” conveys that the different scenarios for each definition and the nature of police work make this corruption difficult to specifically define (Vito 153). Since it is so challenging to correctly define, the three broad ca...
An example of Legitimate power is when corrections officers ask a Inmates to clean up their cell, and because they are in position they conformed to their instruction. coercive power is most effective when it is always available but seldom used. In prisons and jails, coercive power is an ever-present resource that
Power, as defined by Brigid Callahan Harrison “is the capacity to affect the conduct of individuals through the real or threatened use of rewards and punishments.” Power is an ever-changing relationship between the individuals, groups, and institutions in a society. To exercise power, one must control the values respected by society. These ideas and values include economic, political, social, psychological, and cultural ideas about the nature of society. Power is exercised on a societal level to enact a specific agenda, for people are frequently motivated by their ideologies.
Many human beings have been involved in a power struggle of some sort since the beginning of time. Between power in the business world, classroom, and government it is often clear who is subordinate and who is dominant. Subordinates may at times feel powerless; however, they can gain satisfaction out of aesthetics and hidden transcripts because of the personal freedoms it represents to them.
According to McShane and Von Glinow, conflict is “a process in which one party perceives that his or her interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party” (328). The Conflict Process Model begins with the different sources of conflict; these sources lead one or more parties to perceive that a conflict exists. These perceptions interact with emotions and manifest themselves in the behavior towards other parties. The arrows in the figure illustrate the series of conflict episodes that cycle into conflict escalation (McShane and Von Glinow 331-332).
Power is defined in the course study notes as the “ability of individuals or groups to get what they want despite the opposition”. Power is derived from a variety of sources including knowledge, experience and environmental uncertainties (Denhardt et al, 2001). It is also important to recognize that power is specific to each situation. Individuals or groups that may be entirely powerful in one situation may find themselves with little or no power in another. The county Registrar of Voters, who is my boss, is a perfect example. In running the local elections office, she can exercise the ultimate power. However, in a situation where she attempted to get the county selected for a desirable, statewide pilot project, she was powerless, completely at the mercy of the Secretary of State. Power is difficult to measure and even to recognize, yet it plays a major role in explaining authority. In organizations, power is most likely exercised in situations where “the stakes are high, resources are limited, and goals and processes are unclear” (Denhardt et al, 2001). The absence of power in organizations forces us to rely on soley hierarchical authority.