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postpartum depression investigation
postpartum depression investigation
effects of postnatal depression on the mother
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Abstract Despite the physical changes that a woman is to expect during her pregnancy, a major concern that requires attention is a period of expected feelings of depression that a woman may encounter known as baby blues. Although normal, and expected baby blues can lead into post partum depression that involves a myriad of emotions and mood swings. If not addressed postpartum depression can lead to a more severe form of baby blues known in the clinical world as postpartum non-psychotic depression that requires professional intervention. The therapeutic goal during this time is to prevent the new mother from committing suicide where she poses a danger to both herself and her newborn. Positive therapeutic methods of communication allows the new mom to be exposed to an environment that allows her to address negative feelings, and stressors so that postpartum non-psychotic depression does not have a chance to develop. Keywords: Postpartum depression, baby blues, postpartum non-psychotic depression. Therapeutic Communication and Post Partum Depression Introduction The Human being is a most intriguing subject of study. From their impressive communication skills to their problem solving ability, time and time again they stand out as being an intelligent species that is diverse and responsive to their environment. One particular aspect that makes them most attractive is their ability to adapt to change and stress. Pregnancy is a great example that displays how the woman’s body adapts to major physical, psychological, and emotional changes that occur almost concurrently. These changes trigger an untidy heap of powerful emotions. From excitement and joy to fear and anxiety for both the expecting mom and her ... ... middle of paper ... ...rg/afp/990415ap/2247.html Tamparo, T. C., & Lindh, Q. W. (2000). Therapeutic communications for health professionals, (2nd ed). DesMoines, Washington: Delmar Thomson Learning. Schmitt, J.W. (2009). U.S. Department of health and human services, office on women’s health Retrieved from http://womenshealth.gov/faq/depression-pregnancy.pdf Frank, J, Trupin, S.R., Talavera, F., Shulman, L.P. (2009). National women's health information center: Postpartum depression. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/postpartum_depression/article Depression during and after pregnancy. National Institutes of Health. http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/depression-pregnancy.cfm. Accessed March 10, 2010. Mayo Clinic, Post partum depression, (2010). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/postpartum-depression/DS00546
National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Baby Coalition []. Not just the baby blues: An interview on postpartum depression with william beardslee, md., Retrieved from http://www.hmhb.org/virtual-library/interviews-with-experts/postpartum-depression-ppd-1/
Numerous studies have been conducted that indicate mothers with depression prior to birth and after birth can affect infant development. These include cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional aspects. This paper will be examining two articles with similar methodologies and various responses displayed in the participants. Both articles take on similar approaches; however, one article examines how less-competent mothers with depression, negatively influences child behavior and the latter takes on the approach that maternal depression is a psychological response to economic pressures leading to negative responses to a child (Newland, Crnic, Cox & Mills-Koonce, 2013, p. 96). Wang and Dix (2013) examine the levels of depression and differences of behavior in depressed mothers and how this further influences a child’s development. This article found that children with depressed mothers that are highly competent and are able to do tasks efficiently and successfully may develop just as well as children with non-depressed mothers (Wang and Dix., 2013, p. 893). Alternatively, another article examines a variety of maternal psychological symptoms arising from early economic pressures and later parenting behaviors (Newland et al., 2013, p. 96). Furthermore, Newland et al. (2013) suggests that as a result of lower socioeconomic status, both depression and anxiety play a negative role in parenting behaviors (p. 96). Overall, this study suggests that economic hardships and pressures have an indirect influence on parents’ caregiving.
The types of emotions that are developed in the womb differ. Babies in the womb are supposed to be able to recognize love, happiness, sadness and stress. Talking or playing music is believed to comfort a baby in the womb, and help the baby understand the emotion of love. Hearing voices outside the womb will also help the baby decide the difference between happiness and sadness created on pitch and sound level of voices. oxytocin; which has been called the ‘hormone of love’. Oxytocin levels help the contractions of the uterus during labour, but are also present in both mother and baby just after the birth.
After giving birth, women will have hormonal oscillations (Rosequist). In the meanwhile, their bodies are getting back to their normal state, however if that “blues” does not go away, it can evolve in a deep depression. As she recalls, saying: “And yet I cannot be with him, it make me so nervous”(Gilman), it is obvious that Post-Partum depression is the cause of her poor attachment with the child; the mother can be hazardous to the baby; mood swing occur, and in extremes circumstances, about 1 in 1,000, it can bring psychotic indications (Hilts). If this condition if left untreated, it can cause serious psychological and physical damages. Treatment would include anti-depressants and therapy. This can also trigger other types of mental
Up to 80 percent of new mothers experience some kind of depresson up to one year after giving birth. Known to most as the "Baby Blues" a mild depression that if continues can be come something much more powerful and even more dangerous. In some women they may experience psychosis, where in some cases they try to kill their children.
Each second of fetal development during pregnancy is of extreme importance. This period of prenatal development is a time of change and growth with many factors affecting all areas of growth. Different stimuli having long-lasting effects on development is a process known as programming. The goal of this first article, (put the name of the article here) is to look into the idea of programming and how the influence of stress effects prenatal development. It begins with a biological approach. Looking at the role of Glucocorticoids cortisol in fetal development, the article states that they play a critical role in development and are associated with the “hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the body’s major stress responsive systems.” (Davis & Sandman, 2010) This cortisol increases in mothers over the course of pregnancy and is important in brain development in the fetus. While these Glucocorticoids are important and essential to prenatal development, overexposure can lead to negative effects, including emotional disturbances in early childhood, deregulated stress responses in infa...
Beck went on to formulate a mothers attempt to cope with postpartum depression and identified four stages: Stage one, encountering terror, stage two, dying of self. Stage three...
For the purposes of this essay, maternal depression will be defined as depression {see ICD-10 MDD} experienced from childbirth onwards. Maternal depression could be part of a chronic depressive disorder or of recent onset, such as postnatal depression. However this essay is not limited to postnatal depression as this occurs from four weeks post birth, which is a limited time frame, the effects of which are difficult to separate from those of other maternal depressive disorders. Different aetiologies of mood disorder may affect the attachment relationship differently – for example a mother who is used to depressive episodes may have developed coping strategies whilst a mother new to the effects of major mood disorder may be less prepared. However, owing to the risk of recurrence of...
Having a child can be the happiest moment of a person’s life. A sweet little baby usually gives new parents tremendous joy. That joy can be accompanied with anxiety about the baby and the responsibility the new parents are faced with. The anxiety, in most cases, fades and joy is what remains. For some new mothers, however, the joy is replaced with a condition known as postpartum depression. “Postpartum depression is a serious disorder that until recently was not discussed in public…Women did not recognize their symptoms as those of depression, nor did they discuss their thoughts and fears regarding their symptoms” (Wolf, 2010). As such, postpartum depression is now recognized as a disorder harmful to both mother and infant, but, with early detection, is highly treatable with the use of psychotherapy, antidepressants, breastfeeding, and other natural remedies, including exercise.
Although a pregnant adolescent faces many stressors, which can translate into sundry psychological quandaries such as melancholy, the most consequential effects may pertain to the child. According to Steinberg (2011) children of adolescent mothers “are at a more preponderant risk of developing a variety of psychological and gregarious problems”; largely, due to being raised in a poor environment and/or a single parent household (p. 363). Psychological issues can additionally arise due to puerile parents interacting with their infant less often, which have a consequential effect on the child’s development (Steinberg, 2011).
Knowing the symptoms of postpartum depression is critical for a young mother's discovering that she may have the depress...
they wonder why the are not overcome with joy of this new born. Many mothers who have PPD
Many women who are affected by postpartum psychosis are too afraid or embarrassed to come forward and claim the disorder. This is dangerous for both mother and child(ren) as the disorder has a 5% suicide rate and a 4% infanticide rate. Even if there is no physical harm done to the child there may be emotional harm. The behaviors that are exhibited by the mother to the child may “interfere with the children's emerging cognitive skills...”(Sohr-Preston & Scaramella, 2006). It has been theorized both before and after birth the mothers' health, physical and emotional, may affect the child's cognitive skills later in li...
The health professionals are able to monitor and assess the condition of the new mother with the help of psychological therapies. Psychological therapies are important in providing effective coping measures to an individual. However, in other clinical settings, patients undergo mother-infant therapies for counseling and support
Sable, M. & Washington, C. (2007). Social wellbeing in pregnant women. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 45(12), 24-32.