Polymerization of oil has been reviewed in different sources of literature, since it has various theoretical aspects as well as the practical applications. Ionescu and Petrović discussed the process of polymerization of oils in the work Soybean - Applications and Technology: Polymerization of Soybean Oil with Superacids. They proving that polymer-ization of oil can be carried out at the temperature of 90 °C. In the work, it is stated that soybeans have great economic importance and thus the processes of polymerization, which can be conducted with lower energetic expenses, are crucial to investigate (13).
The researchers took out a patent for the method of cationic polymerization of unsaturated biological oils (14). The reaction is stated to be provided due to the double bonds, which are initiated by the force of the superacids. The benefits of the polymerized oils are proved to have about 10-200 times more viscidity and high level of unsaturation as compared to the initial vegetable oils.
Cationic polymerization of styrenes by protonic acids and their derivatives (15) discussed the process of the cationic polymerizations from the point of view of polymeri-zation rate and molecular weight distribution. The impact of the superacids on the process is reviewed but it is stated that low concentrations of the acids were employed in the ex-periments. Protonic acids were investigated as to their role in polymerization. The mech-anism of the polymerization termination and its specification is disclosed in the article.
Principles of Polymerization (16) provide a necessary insight into the general pro-cess of the polymerization. The work discloses different variants of the practical use of polymeric structures in industry, household, and...
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...of semi-crystalline wax-like material.
Apart from the soybeans, there are also other plants that can be used for produc-tion of the dimer acids and dimer esters, such as discussed in the article Preparation of Meadowfoam Dimer Acids and Dimer Esters, and Their Use as Lubricants (22). The re-searchers state that dimer acids can be produced as a result of the clay-catalyzed reaction from the meadowfoam alternative crop. Dimer acids that can be produced from this plant, which is still used primarily for the cosmetic and medical purposes, have high level of viscosity that can be even compatible with the commercial dimer esters. It is recorded that dimer acids and dimer esters can have the properties that are comparatively equal with those of the commercial representatives. It can be concluded that production of the dimer acids of the plant origin has strong potential.
In this experiment we produced a Nylon-6,10 polymer from a reaction with a sebacoyl chloride (decanedioyl dichloride)/dichloromethane mixture and a mixture of water, 1,6-hexanediamine and sodium carbonate. The name ‘Nylon-6,10’ indicates that the diamine that it was made from has 6 carbons and the diacid it was made from has 10 carbons. The sodium carbonate was used in the preparation of Nylon-6,10 because it is a strong base that will lower the acidity of the solution and neutralize the hydrochloric acid that was produced as a by-product. The HCl was produced as a by-product instead of water because we used milder conditions by substituting decanedioyl dichloride for decanedioic acid. The decanedioyl dichloride is a better alternative because it is more reactive towards the
Biodiesel is produced by subjecting the triglycerides found in vegetables oils and fats to transesterification, which is the exchanging of the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. This creates an ox...
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
All polymer host has some major advantages for which their application in electrochemical devices are still continuing. Also these polymer have some disadvantages and to improve the
The synthesis of polymers starts with ethylene, (or ethene). Ethylene is obtained as a by-product of petrol refining from crude oil or by dehydration of ethanol. Ethylene molecules compose of two methylene units (CH2) linked together by a double carbon
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1
The oxidative and chemical changes in oils during storage are characterized by an increase in free fatty acid contents and a decrease in the total unsaturation of oils (Perkin, 1992). A study reported lipid oxidation levels in food emulsions are generally accelerated as storage temperature is increased (Martinez et al., 2013).
Polymerization of cyclic esters has attracted a lot of interest for the synthesis of biodegradabale/ biocompatible polymeric materials, such as polylactide, polyglycolide and also other polymer compound such as linear polycarbonate. Ring opening polymerization of cyclic ester compounds is better than step polymerization for obtaining high Mw polymers in a controlled “living” fashion, while avoiding the formation of by-products.
Durian is the most well known occasional natural product in Indonesia. Just 1/3 of durian is consumable, though the seeds are discarded. This waste is capability of significant worth included, for example, seed gum. Mayonnaise is o/w emulsion based item utilize egg yolk as an emulsifier, yet in this exploration, durian seed gum (2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, and 4.5%) has been utilized to supplant on egg yolk in making veggie lover mayonnaise. The best plan of veggie lover mayonnaise from 4% durian seed gum was contrasted with business and the control also. This outcome is comparable to mayonnaise with egg yolk, and the business mayonnaise. Past examinations uncovered that the characteristic polymer of gum durian seed had emulsifying action oil in water (o/w). Common gum was a polysaccharide comprising of monosaccharides connected through glycoside bonds. Common gum polymers are normally unpredictable, produced a considerable measure of plants, for example, carrageenan, pectin, CMC, starch, guar gum, and sodium carboxyl. Methyl cellulose was utilized as a gelling operator, thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier. Fluid extraction was a standout amongst the most well-known methods utilized for the extraction of gum. Gum durian seeds can be utilized
This test was carried by mixing 1.5 ml ethanolic solution of each oil with 2 ml of a 0.2mM ethanolic solution. We will take ...
Figure. 2 gives a brief summary of the applications of biomass-derived degradable polymers. Nowadays, there are tremendous interest in research and using of biopolymers in packaging, civil engineering, biomedical and automotive mystery
Base catalysts are highly sensitive to water content due to soap formation which makes separation difficult. Acid catalyst are used when the acid values of the non-edible oils are higher than the performance range of base catalysts. The acid value represents the number of acidic functional groups and is measured in terms of the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidic characteristics of the sample. The protonation of the carbonyl group of the ester promotes the formation of a carbocation, which after nucleophilic attack of the alcohol produces a tetrahedral intermediate. This intermediate will eliminate glycerol to form a new ester and to reform the catalyst. Acid-catalyzed transesterification are carried out in the absence of water. The problems with the use of these catalysts are: the requirement for more alcohol; slower reaction rates; higher reaction temperatures and pressures; reactor corrosion and environmental issues. Both homogeneous and heterogonous acid catalysts can be used for transesterification. The acid catalysts more commonly used include, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfonated organic acids. Due to the fact that the FFA content of neat edible oils is normally low but these oils are costly and conversion of too much edible oil into biodiesel may cause food crises, use
Supercritical fluids are involved in numerous industrial processes especially food industry and have a potentially wide field of new applications. The current applications of supercritical fluid include extraction processes, reaction chemistry and polymerization, food fractionation, waste recycling, soil remediation, cleaning of electronic and optical equipment parts, impregnation, dry powder coating, aerogels, nanotechnology, and crystallization and particle formation of pharmaceuticals and many other powdered products. In food industry, the most commonly use are in rapid analysis for fat content, rapid analysis for pesticides in foods, detection of food pollutants, encapsulation of liquids for engineering solid products, removal of alcohol
Nowadays, there is great interest in the development of functional foods and beverages containing lipophilic bioactive agents that exhibit health benefits, such as oil-soluble vitamins and nutraceuticals. Microencapsulation has been utilized as a technique for the fortification and controlled release of functional food components such as antioxidants, flavors, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and so on (Estevinho and others 2013; Aguiar and others 2016; Gonçalves and others 2016, 2018). A number of microencapsulation techniques for bioactive compounds such as functional edible oils are applied which can be generally divided into 2 separate categories physical (for example, spray-drying) and chemical (for example, complex coacervation) techniques