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Strengths of charismatic leadership
The idea of individualism
Charismatic leadership strengths and weaknesses
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The second half of The Century of the Self continues to track how society, capitalism, and politics have changed over time to become as individualized as they are today. In the first half of the documentary, we learned that society had been conditioned by big business to let their wants and desired take main control of their functioning. This is how business sold products, and then eventually politics got involved and realized they could get votes with similar methods. In this half of the documentary, society started to fight back against industry and the state using these manipulative techniques on them to achieve their own goals. People began looking inward for happiness rather than depending on the state and corporations. Eventually, …show more content…
Weber explains that in the protestant, belief system, particularly Calvinism, existed predestination, where some individuals were predestined to go to heaven, and others were not. People, naturally, wanted to look for signs to be sure that they were part of the chosen group and felt severe anxiety about the topic. To push out this anxiety, people began to focus on their own work, forcing themselves to believe that good works were a sign of being one of the saved. Thus, people became more individualized and secular, focusing on how they could create good works to be sure they are part of the saved. In both of these cases, people were looking to relieve themselves from unwanted feelings and turned inward toward themselves, making a more individualistic society. Although this small aspect is similar, further explanation by Weber of the Protestant ethic seems very contradictory to the ideas presented in The Century of the …show more content…
Weber describes the three types of political leaders: traditional, charismatic, and legal (p. 79). The President of The United States falls under the category of a charismatic leader; he must win the liking of the people in order to be put in the position of leader. Weber explains that people follow these leaders because they truly believe in them. This aligns with the political happenings depicted in The Century of the Self. Clinton had to change his policies to fulfill what the people wanted in order to remain in power and the belief of the people. The society at the time being increasingly individualistic, did not want policies that catered to the good of society as a whole, but to them as individuals.
Through analyzing the changes in society shown in The Century of the Self, as well as the ideas put forth by Weber, it is difficult to come to a solid conclusion. When speaking of politics, Weber’s writing seem to still be relevant to recent society. Moreover, he also did believe that society was becoming more individualized. However, Weber’s ideas that people would not use wealth to enjoy the material pleasures of life does not seem to apply to society
Greenstein, F.I, (2005). Presidents, their Styles and their Leadership. Working Papers, Center for Public Leadership: Princeton University.
Based on “Freedom and Individuality”, Simmel largely perceives a positive relationship between the size or growth of society and individualism to function, but proposes that the size of the society alone does not solely determine levels of individuality. He promptly delivers his thesis, saying “the larger circle encourages individual freedom, the smaller one restricts it.” (Simmel in Calhoun 2012: 376) Simmel then goes on to describe the role of individuality within society, discussing positive aspects such as freedom and fluidity, and potentially negative aspects such as the “negative freedom of no differentiation” and loss of collective consciousness/identity. As the group grows and expands, collective identity is weakened and the original pressure to conform is relieved (to an extent), allowing for a greater opportunity for individualism to thrive in an increasingly flexible environment, at the expense of certain aspects of common culture and identity. Simmel also reflects on the difficulties associated with individualism for the individual, such as increasing difficulty trying to establish and exude one’s own unique personality within such an individualistic and flexible environment. Toward
They were able to take advantage of the growing technology and exploration to advance out of the middle class and become extremely rich. Through their wealth, the bourgeois were able to gain an enormous amount of influence in society. For example, they have “exclusive political sway” (Marx 18). In other words, the state exists entirely to serve the needs of the bourgeois. However, even more importantly so, their existence is bringing about a gradual disintegration of sentiment and true relations. People are now measured by the amount of material goods they own. Therefore, doctors, lawyers, and other originally honest occupations have become based entirely on wages and familial relationships no longer exist. They have instead been replaced by purely money relations. The bourgeois are also constantly exploiting the lower classes, otherwise known as the proletarians. (Marx
Moreover, Weber argues that this spirit of capitalism was not a result of technological advances and/or the division of labor as many believe, it is from religious beliefs. But not just any religious belief, due to business leaders being frequently Protestant, Weber theorizes that protestantism enabled western rational capitalism. He utilizes empirical research by first going back to the beginning of protestantism with Martin Luther and his belief of the calling. Luther 's frustration with the corruption of Catholicism caused him to separate from it. As a Catholic, when you do something bad you confess to the priests and are cleansed. Thus, one can keep repeating sinful acts as long as they repent. Another problem that
The turn of the century, was a time in which politics was in shambles. The corruption in American politics was at an all time high. The so-called "big business" was overrunning a country, which wanted a real democracy, not government in which the people did not have a say. Although immigration was at an all time high, the country was in decline. The basis of the three presidents to come would be a platform for reforms. The reform policies of three presidents had an effect on an era.
1). Weber and Marx views differ when it comes to their interpretations about the origins and dynamics of capitalism, Weber’s view focuses on the Protestant reformation and the spirit of capitalism in the west and how “the widespread influence of Protestantism after the reformation helped explain why full blown rational capitalism developed where and when it did” (Mcintosh pg. 115). Although he doesn’t believe that Protestantism caused for the creation of capitalism he does believe that Calvinism a branch of Protestantism plays a roll due to the effects it shaped upon these people and their protestant ethics. Mcintosh helps to explain that “in such a time the religious forces which express themselves through such channels are the decisive influences in the formation of national character” (Mcintosh pg. 122). In other words due to the asceticism and the spirit of capitalism amongst these religious followers they abstained from various worldly pleasures to obtain their spiritual “calling”. In decreasing pleasures and increasing work, production and profits, they were hopeful that they were increasing their chances of going to heaven due to their belief about predestination which states “in theology, the doctrine that all events have been willed by God. John Calvin interpreted biblical predestination to mean that God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others” (www.wikipedia.com). Thus they followed the doctrine precisely, which they believed could possibly decrease their chances of being the individuals who were damned to hell. Although Wesley argued “I fear that wherever riches have increased, the essence of religion has decreased in the same proportion. So although the form of religion remains, the spirit i...
Weber also took the same approach, but credited the rise of capitalism to the religious discipline of the Protestant faith. In fact, Weber believed that there was a connection between Protestantism and capitalism. Now, let’s not forget, that these people lived during a time of uncertainty, and if they felt protected and safe about their future they would invest in it. A central theme for the Protestant faith is the ...
Weber, on the other hand, tried to look at the macro-sociological phenomenon in his explanation. Weber felt that there is just more than one explanation for the causes of change. Marx’s perspective was not based on the conflict of ideas, but rather on the conflict of classes. This conflict is the result of a new mode of production. According to Marx, history would consist of epochs of modes of production.
In the recent weeks, I have noticed a trend in our cultural beliefs regarding groups outside of our own. As a nation, while the United States has a strongly individualistic nature from a personal perspective, there is also a strong collectivist belief regarding everyone outside of themselves and their groups. Rather than believing that each member of an external group is responsible for their decisions alone (myth of individualism), separating them from a collective (one bad apple), the consensus is generally geared opposite. For example, the belief that all immigrants want to steal American jobs, when one is not an immigrant, or that feminists are actually misandrists, when one is not a feminist. What I believe we have
According to Weber’s findings individualistic views arose through Protestant beliefs. Martin Luther, a Protestant leader in the 16th century, presents the calling as a means to encourage followers to live honorable lives devoted to God; as a dutiful follower, an individual is to worship and not please God. Righteous followers were content with their calling and the lives God intended for them. Luther also instilled a passive form of asceticism in his followers that by preaching that they carry a simple lifestyle which accorded with their line of work (Desfor Edles and Appelrouth 2010:168).
Richard E. Neustadt, the author of Presidential Power, addresses the politics of leadership and how the citizens of the United States rate the performance of the president's term. We measure his leadership by saying that he is either "weak or "strong" and Neustadt argues that we have the right to do so, because his office has become the focal point of politics and policy in our political system.
During a time of growing industry and a technological boom, Weber argued that Capitalist motivation stemmed from the Calvinist’s belief in the “calling”. The calling is defined as “an obligation which the individual is supposed to feel and does feel towards the content of his professional activity” (Weber 2003 54). Weber states that with the Protestant Reformation and the individualization of faith pushed forward the spirit of Capitalism. As the interpretation of the Bible became easier to access, it also became more open to interpretation for the individual reading. The calling interpretation of one’s own calling, thus becomes subjective and malleable for the individual to experience validation in their
Each of the four classical theorists Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Simmel had different theories of the relationship between society and the individual. It is the objective of this paper to critically evaluate the sociological approaches of each theory to come to a better understanding of how each theorist perceived such a relationship and what it means for the nature of social reality.
Erik Erikson composed a theory of psychological development that was composed of eight stages. Erikson’s theory focuses on how personalities evolve throughout life as a result of the interaction between biologically based maturation and the demands of society. According to Erikson, “Each stage of human development presents its characteristic crises. Coping well with each crisis makes an individual better prepared to cope with the next.” (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2013, p. 314) According to Erikson’s eight stages of development, I have only been through six of the eight stages.
Weber saw religion from a different perspective; he saw it as an agent for change. He challenged Marx by saying that religion was not the effect of some economical social or psychological factor. But that religion was used as a way for an explanation of things that cause other things. Because religious forces play an important role in reinforces our modern culture, Weber came to the conclusion that religion serves as both a cause and an effect. Weber didn’t prose a general theory of religion but focused on the interaction between society and religion. Weber believed that one must understand the role of religious emotions in causing ideal types such as capitalism. He explained the shift in Europe from the other worldliness of Catholicism to the worldliness of early Protestantism; according to Weber this was what initiated the capitalist economic system.