1. Connective tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Epithelial tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Connective tissue:
The connective tissue in animals is separated by non-living material. The connective tissue binds and supports body parts, protects, fills spaces, stores fat and transports materials. The structure of a loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue has three types of fibres. The first one is the collagen fibres which provide strength and flexibility and is the existing protein in animal bodies. The second one is elastic fibres which provide elasticity and when stretched, they return to their original shape. The third one is the reticular fibres which are small and branched and they provide support for organs like the liver and lymph nodes. The cells of loose and dense connective tissue are fibroblasts and produce the fibres and nonliving material. The collagen fibres of a dense connective tissue are closely packed than loose connective tissue. Normal dense connective tissue contains collagen fibres in one direction to provide strength, it is found in tendons and ligaments in which the tendons connect muscle to bone and the ligaments connect bone to bone. The cells of a cartilage are strong but flexible and also contain collagen and elastic fibres. It does not stretch and can resist compression but maintains its shape. It is found at the ends of bones where it prevents friction within the joints. Blood is also a connective tissue and also contains cells that are separated by a non-living material such as the plasma.
Muscle tissue:
A muscle tissue in an animal is a soft tissue that composes muscles and is formed during embryo development in a process called myogenesis. The muscle tissue contracts in response to stimulation but it...
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...port is passive and not powered by energy spent by the tracheary elements, which are dead by maturity and no longer have living contents.
2. Phloem
3. The phloem tissue in the plant manages food and metabolites during photosynthesis throughout the whole of the plant including the roots. In vascular plants the phloem is the living tissue which carries organic nutrients in particular, sucrose which is a sugar, to all components of the plant where is it needed. The phloem main function is the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis which is called translocation. The phloem tissue in plants consists of: conducting cells, called sieve elements which are parenchyma cells and include both specialized companion cells, unspecialized cells and supportive cells for example fibres and sclereids.
iv.
The differences between plant and animal cells;
Muscle fibers are cylindrical. They have a diameter around ten to one hundred micrometers and are generally a few centimeters long. Within each muscle cells, contains basal lamina of collagen and glycoproteins. Each fiber contains a structure called excitation-contraction coupling, which is used to make sure the each contractile stimulus is quickly and equally communicated throughout the muscle fiber.
Within skeletal muscle there are extremely small structures that form the muscle and allow contractions and movement to occur (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicles, fiber, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum and t tubules). These structures all play a role in protecting, connecting and transporting substances throughout the muscle fibers. They are also the main contributors to movement.
Both starch and sucrose can be converted back into glucose and used in respiration. Photosynthesis happens in the mesophyll cell of leaves. There are two kinds of mesophyll cells - palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. The mesophyll cells contain tiny bodies called chloroplasts which contain a green chemical called chlorophyll.
Plasmolysis However when the plant cell is placed in a more concentrated solution the water inside the cell passes out the cell. The cytoplasm... ... middle of paper ... ...
Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found only in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium. Cardiac muscles contract automatically to tighten the walls of the heart in a rhythmic fashion. The heart beats nonstop about 100,000 times each day. Smooth muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found within the walls of blood vessels such as in small arteries and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. Skeletal muscles are voluntarily controlled and are attached to bones by tendons. Skeletal muscles also vary considerably in size and shape. They range from extremely tiny strands such as in the muscle of the middle ear as large like in the muscles of the thigh. The three individual muscle types also serve five main functions. The five basic functions are movement, organ protection, pumping blood, aiding digestion, and ensuring blood flow.
(1) Smooth muscle initially contracts when stretched, but contraction is brief, and then the cells relax to accommodate the stretch
Two transport systems called xylem and phloem move substances around a plant in a particular tissue called vascular tissue. Xylem, transports water and soluble minerals upward, whereas, phloem transports sugars upward and downward. Phloem and xylem tissues are found together in vascular bundles. (ASBiology101, 2013).
Striated muscles cells are long, and have long cylinders that have proteins called myofibrils. Skeletal muscles have a special muscle tissue called Epimysium, which is found along the entire muscle tendon. It protects the muscle from friction against other muscles or
Tendons are surrounded by loose areolar connective tissue called paratenon. The main components of the paratenon are the type I collogen about 95% and about 5% of type II collagen of the dry tendon weight but smaller quantities of other collagens are also present, including types V, VI, XII and type II collagen (Robi et al. 2013).
When observing both cell types under a microscope several differences are obvious. Firstly, skeletal muscles are larger than smooth muscle cells (one muscle cell can be up to 100µm in length). They are also multinucleated whilst smooth muscle cells are uninucleate (Alberts et al, 2002: 961). Additionally, skeletal muscle cells appear to be striated, whereas smooth muscle cells do not show this banding pattern; but are instead smooth and tapered. The absence of this patterning in smooth muscle cells suggests that they consist of a less organised collection of contractile fibres (Silverthorn, 2007: 397). This banding pattern in skeletal muscles is known as the sarcomere.
In 2002, a group of Australian researchers published a paper entitled the "Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance". Caffeine use during sporting events has become much more popular and has widely studied. The purpose of the research was to examine the work increasing (ergogenic) effects of differing regiments of caffeine on metabolism and performance while simulating the typical nutritional preparation an athlete would do for a race. The study also sought to examine the effect of timing of caffeine intake, comparing results when caffeine was given before an event (precaf) to results from caffeine given during an event (durcaf). In addition, the researchers wanted to understand the practice of endurance athletes drinking defizzed Coca-Cola towards the end of a race. It was widely observed that many triathletes and marathoners feel they derive a boost from consuming Coca-Cola in the final stages of an event as a replacement to sports drinks.
There are millions of cells in the muscular system. These cells work with tissues to help support
The cytoskeleton is made up of three different types of filaments, actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest, they are also known as microfilaments. They create a band under the plasma membrane, this gives strength to the cell and links transmembrane proteins such as cell surface receptors to cytoplasmic proteins. Intermediate filaments include keratins, lamins, neurofilaments and vimentins. Keratins form hooves, horns and hair and are found in epithelial cells. Lamins form a type of mesh that ‘stabilizes the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope’ (Biology Pages). Neurofilaments bring strength to the axons of neurons and vimentins provide mechanical support to cells – particularly muscles. The cytoskeleton is also involved in cell
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that have similar shapes and functions. There are four main types of tissue found in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Each tissue has unique characteristics that differentiate them from one another. Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the body, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body, muscular tissue contracts to allow movement, and nervous tissue controls the organs (Hoehn & Marieb, 2007, p. 118).
The history of anatomy and physiology dates back to ancient Egyptian times when humans were mummified after death and bodies would be stripped of their internal organs during the embalming process. It was not until much later when Hippocrates II, known as the father of medicine, was the first to write about human anatomy. Shortly after that, the Alexandrian Medical School was established, where human dissection was allowed for the first time, which promoted research and new discoveries in the field. From there, many other influential researchers came up with theories regarding the cardiovascular and nervous systems, etc; however, the missing links in some of the earlier theories was found with the discovery of the microscope, which changed the focus of research and led to many advancements in the field.