Photonics Lab
Introduction
In the world of communication, lasers can be very helpful in transporting a variety of information across the planet. In this experiment, we decided to advance our knowledge about lasers and perform more tedious activities with them. Instead of shooting lasers through a gelatin substance and reading angles in which they reflect, we were going to step it up a bit. This time our final goal was to be able to verbally communicate through space using a laser. Photonics is described as science and technology based on and concerned with the flow of electrons. The Communication system that relies on the flow of photons is known as a Photonic Link. I plan to successfully be able to communicate over free space using a photonic link in the end of this experiment.
Materials/Methods
In this experiment, we needed the following materials:
• A Laser (with all hook-ups)
• A signal generator
• 2 Amplifier circuits
• A photo-detector
• An Oscilloscope (with hook-up cables)
• A speaker
• Soldering Iron for putting together circuits
• Transformer
Task 1
Construct one of the Amplifier circuits following directions and using the soldering iron. Connect battery and speaker to the circuit. Connect the amplifier circuit to the oscilloscope and signal generator. Connect the signal generator directly to the oscilloscope. Calculate the voltage amplitude from the amplifier from the minimum and maximum settings. Calculate the gain in decibels.
Task 2
Modulate the laser using the transformer. Turn on amplifier circuit. Point laser towards the photo resistor. Connect to the oscilloscope. Adjust the amplifier until you can hear the signal generator signal.
Task 3
Connect oscilloscope to amplifier. Modulate laser as before. Point laser towards photo detector. Perform measurements of voltage output for different frequencies. Take
measurements at the highest frequency that will provide a measurable voltage. Report data in a graph. Calculate the bandwidth of the voltages that were measured.
Task 4
Construct the second amplifier circuit. Connect a microphone to the amplifier instead of a photo detector. Connect the transformer to the amplifier. Connect voltage supply to the laser. Adjust the amplifiers until you can successfully project your voice through space using the laser and it can come out the speaker on the other circuit.
Results
In the first task we were able to successfully solder together the circuit and it was able to amplify the signal from the generator, as it should. In the second task, we were able to modulate the laser. In the third task we were able to calculate the bandwidth and we received the following information: Voltage Vs.
I then figured out when, what and where our lights were going to be on, off and what colour. Also sounding and V.O cues.
For data collection the following parameters were set up; in Smart Accessory Change window click OK and make sure setting is on Transition E.S.P., under Collect and Experimental Setup set scan number to 20 and resolution to 0.5 on the Collect tab, on the Bench tab selected a window material and wavelength number range (1950-2250 cm-1 for (v’=1 v’’=0) and 4100-4350 cm-1 for (v’=2 v’’=0)), on the Quality/Parameter tab made sure box was unchecked next to “special range…” and selected the maximum resolution, and clicked ok.
Wireless is a methodical account of the early development of wireless telegraphy and the inventors who made it possible. Sungook Hong examines several early significant inventions, including Hertzian waves and optics, the galvanometer, transatlantic signaling, Marconi's secret-box, Fleming's air-blast key and double transformation system, Lodge's syntonic transmitter and receiver, the Edison effect, the thermionic valve, and the audion and continuous wave. Wireless fills the gap created by Hugh Aitken, who described at length the early development of wireless communication, but who did not attempt "to probe the substance and context of scientific and engineering practice in the early years of wireless" (p. x). Sungook Hong seeks to fill this gap by offering an exhaustive analysis of the theoretical and experimental engineering and scientific practices of the early days of wireless; by examining the borderland between science and technology; depicting the transformation of scientific effects into technological artifacts; and showing how the race for scientific and engineering accomplishment fuels the politic of the corporate institution. While the author succeeds in fulfilling these goals, the thesis, it seems, is to affirm Guglielmo Marconi's place in history as the father of wireless telegraphy.
Above is the view for the analog switch we will be using. This analog switch has 8 pins but for our purposes, we will be using pins 3 and pin 6 so the switch could receive the signal of any wetness that has been detected. The other pins that we will be using from this switch are the output pins which are pins 1 and 8 in the circuit above. These output pins will be connected to the next part of the experiment which is the encoder. [2]
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As you can see lasers are a very useful and important tool which is why I have
Produced sound from speakers has become so common and integrated in our daily lives it is often taken for granted. Living with inventions such as televisions, phones and radios, chances are you rarely ever have days with nothing but natural sounds. Yet, few people know the physics involved in the technology that allows us to listen to music in our living room although the band is miles away. This article will investigate and explain the physics and mechanism behind loudspeakers – both electromagnetic and electrostatic.