As the gap between reaching optimal medication therapy for diabetes management grows, so does the need for improved medical centers. But how does this happen? If pharmacists were to “utilize their clinical expertise in monitoring and managing diabetes medication plans to positively impact health outcomes and empower patients to actively manage their health,” then the number of people with diabetes could decline (Smith, 2009). Pharmacists are highly accessible medical professionals that are not used to their full potential (Smith, 2009). They are an essential component of the American health system that could easily educate patients struggling with diabetes (Shane-McWhorter, 2005). The implementation of pharmacist-managed diabetes clinics have been proven to lower the blood glucose levels of patients, cost of medication, and mortality rate of its’ patients.
Diabetes
As of the year 2011, 28.8 million people living in the United States were suffering from diabetes. This accounts for 8.3% of the US population (CDC, 2011). While this number may seem small, diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that needs a solution given that it is the seventh leading cause of death. According to the American Diabetes Association, (A.D.A.), diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas is unable to produce the amount of insulin needed to convert food, sugars, and starches to energy for the body. Therefore, the blood sugar levels rise, also known as hyperglycemia. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is commonly found in children or young adults and only makes up 5% of diabetes cases. A person with Type 1 diabetes does not produce insulin at all. Type 2 diabetes is the more common form of the disease. People who struggle...
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... educators and diabetes disease managers. Rhode Island Medical Journal, 95(9), 275-276. Retrieved from http://www.rimed.org/2012-09.asp
Leal, S., Herrier, R.N., Glover, J.J., & Felix, A. (2004). Improving quality of care in diabetes through a comprehensive pharmacist-based disease management program. Diabetes Care, 27(12), 2983-2984. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content
Shane-McWhorter, L. (2005). The Scope and Standards for the Practice of Diabetes Education by Pharmacists. diabeteseducator.org. Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www.diabeteseducator.org/export/sites/aade/_resources/pdf/PharmDScopeStandards .pdf
Smith, M. (2009). Pharmacists’ role in improving diabetes medication management. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 3(1), 175-179. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769842/
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system primarily differentiated between type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin and was previously seen in the younger generation which is no longer the case.1 Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent of the two types and involves elevated blood sugar levels due to the insufficient production of insulin. Risk factors that make an individual higher risk for type 2 diabetes include increasing age, obesity, family history, a sedentary lifestyle.1,2 Innovative drug therapies for type 2 diabetes remain important for the treatment and reduction of the disease.
Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s body in unable to make or utilize insulin properly which affects blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas, which helps to regulate glucose (sugar) levels, break down carbohydrates and fats, and is essential to produce the body’s energy. The CDC (2013) offers reliable insight, summarized here, into the different types of diabetes, some causes, and health complications that may arise from the disease.
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. Diabetes falls into two main categories: type 1, or juvenile diabetes, which usually occurs during childhood or adolescence, and type 2, or adult-onset diabetes, the most common form of the disease, usually occurring after age 40. Type 1 results from the body’s immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The onset of juvenile diabetes is much higher in the winter than in the summer. This association has been repeatedly confirmed in diabetes research. Type 2 is characterized by “insulin resistance,” or an inability of the cells to use insulin, sometimes accompanied by a deficiency in insulin production. There is also sometimes a third type of diabetes considered. It is gestational diabetes, which occurs when the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes encompasses nine out of 10 diabetic cases. Diabetes is the fifth-deadliest disease in the United States, and it has no cure. The total annual economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was estimated to be $132 billion, or one out of every 10 health care dollars spent in the United States. Diabetes risk factors can fall into three major categories: family history, obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Minority groups and elderly are at the greatest risk of developing diabetes.
This evidence can be seen from the results of Mott’s study. 94.1% of pharmacists surveyed responded that they wanted the same or less dispensing in their jobs, while 61.9% wanted more time for consultation. This increase in patient-centered care has been shown to reduce stress and increase job satisfaction among pharmacists. In Munger, 57% of pharmacists thought about quitting their position at least yearly and approximately 50% of respondents stated they intended to look for a new position. As job satisfaction continues to decrease among pharmacists, it is important for management to be aware of these trends and take appropriate action to improve pharmacists’ work environment and promote patient
Performance improvement is vital to patient safety, quality of care, and patient satisfaction. Regular and an objective view at clinical outcomes is important for the nurse practitioner to engage in to ensure that his or her practice. This continual focus on improving outcomes ensures that quality care is being provided and optimal outcomes are met. This capstone project was a critical evaluation of the performance of a large family practice clinic. The goal of this project was to quantify the performance of the providers in the practice in their treatment of diabetes.
Most common people will see that they are suffering from type 2 diabetes. Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 is not because your immune system is attacking the insulin but is because your body simply does not produce the required insulin. 90% of people who have diabetes are diagnosed with type 2 (Medical News...
According to the CDC, diabetes is becoming more common and has more than tripled from 1980 through 2011, from 5.6 million to 20.9 million (Diabetes public health resource, 2013). Type two diabetes can be managed through diet and exercise. Type two diabetes is a condition formerly called ‘adult-onset’ or ‘non insulin-dependent’ where the body doesn’t
Diabetes mellitus is defined as "a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose, which result from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both" (2). There are two types of diabetes, one that "occurs when the body produces little or no insulin, and that typically affects children and young adults," and the other, which "typically develops in adults, and occurs when the body does not use insulin effectively", types II diabetes being the most common (3). According to the CDC and the National Center for Health Statistics, "the number of Americans with diabetes in the year 2000 was 17 million or 6.2 percent of the population, as compared to 15.7 million (5.9 percent) in 1998" (4). However, and on average, Hispanic Americans and African Americans are almost twice as likely to have diabetes in comparison to white Americans. In addition, African Americans and Hispanic Americans show a higher incidence of suffering from diabetes related complications including but not limited to eye and kidney disease, amputations, heart disease, heart stroke etc (5).
The majority of a patient’s care remains within the system, enabling maximum efficiency and coordination. Furthermore, research has shown that ACOS help reduce medical errors, eliminate duplicate services and facilities as well as provide financial incentives to demonstrate high-quality, patient centered care (Richman, Schulman, 2011). Several ACOs across the country are showing an increase in care coordination leads to a reduction in no-shows, improved medication adherence and enhances preventative and chronic care. For example, in a care coordination pilot performed by Trinity Clinic, which is part of an ACO, care coordinators boosted quality and revenue by reducing their no show rate form 4.5% to 2.8% primarily due to a previsit phone call set up by the coordinators (Mullins, Mooney, & Fowler, 2013). ACOS are not the entire solution, but these organizations are certainly a step in the right direction, putting patient satisfaction and quality as part of their fundamental
In the United States and in many other countries around the world, more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In the past, children who were diagnosed with diabetes were diagnosed with type 1. Type 1 diabetes affects many children in which they are unable to produce insulin. However as times have changed, children are now being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes which is a chronic illness that usually affects adults. Type 2 diabetes develops when the person is not able to produce enough insulin, and if insulin is being produce it is not effective. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes are type 2 (2012). About 215,000 children in the United States are already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and about two million children between the ages of 12 and 19 are pre-diabetic (Scott, 2013). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify the current prevalence of type 2 diabetes amongst children.
Diabetes affects 18.2 million people in the United States. It is often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus and described as, “… a metabolic disease in which the person has high blood sugar …” (Collazo- Clavell et all. 2009), either because the insulin is inadequate or the body’s cells don’t respond well to the insulin. The health and economic consequences of diabetes are considerable. The majority of people that have diabetes live in low and middle income countries, where the prevalence of the disease is high. There are three types of diabetes that are called type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Although diabetes is a disorder, it can lead to other diseases such as heart attack, kidney failure or death. A person that has diabetes has to maintain a healthy lifestyle, by eating the right diet, controlling their blood sugar level, and be optimistic.
Every single day millions of people are bypassing simple steps to prevent Type II diabetes. As of January 2011, 25.8 million children and adults have been diagnosed with Type II diabetes (American Diabetes Association). Type II diabetes is a disease that causes high blood sugar levels due to a malfunction within the body to properly use insulin. The role of insulin is to lower and control blood sugar levels so they do not get too high. After people are diagnosed with Type II diabetes they have to immediately start taking care of it before it progresses into another serious disease, such as heart disease or kidney disease. Type II diabetes is irreversible and will have to be taken care of daily. Specifically, diet and exercise are proven to reduce the symptoms or completely prevent Type II diabetes. Within the next few years the diagnoses of Type II diabetes is expected to double. If people adapt to a healthy lifestyle they can slow down or prevent the progression of Type II diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)
Pharmacists often work together in a team with other healthcare professional like physicians and nurses. In the process, pharmacists will give advice to them on the selection of medication, by providing the evidences based on the dosage form, the side effects and possible interaction with food of the medication. On the other hand, pharmacists also take part in research and clinical studies. Recently, pharmacists are recruited to conduct pharmacy-based research in pharmacies. (Swanson, 2005)