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The end-permian mass extinction TERM PAPER
Permian period mass extinction summary
Permian mass extinctions research papers
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The Permian-Triassic Extinction is a mass extinction that occurred between the Permian and Triassic geologic time periods approximately 250 million years ago; it is the deadliest of all extinctions that have occurred on Earth. In addition, during the Permian-Triassic extinction the continents of today existed as one supercontinent known as Pangaea. This was the first time in history where continental or land mass exceeded that of the ocean. This was also before dinosaurs of the Triassic period roamed Earth, during this time animals such as the therapsids, and Synapsids such as the Pelycosaurs, insects and amphibians also occupied Earth. Fauna that existed during the Permian period includes Gymnosperms, or seed producing plants such as the Conifers. Other animals that existed during this time include marine life such as brachiopods (clams), bryozoans (coral-like skeletons), bony fish and sharks, as well as crinoids (sea urchin like creatures). According to National Geographic, about 90 percent of all the animals and fauna of this period perished, the marine life was hit the hardest wi...
The death scene of the sow in “Lord of the Flies” creates a similar atmosphere as the death of the Apatosaurus from the movie, “Jurassic World”. This comparison results from the sow being attacked and being brutally and being murdered by the savage society through the choir putting a stick up the sow’s buttocks. Which is similar to that of the Apatosaurus death scene in that the Apatosaurus was murdered in a cruel way by a larger dinosaur and left to die. Also, the extreme suffering that the sow faced when being stabbed is similar to the condition that the Apatosaurus was in when the two characters found it. In addition, both situations include the beast (Jack’s society or dinosaur) using extreme actions of stabbing and clawing for their own
Mass Extinction in the Precambrian As the decades pass, technological advances have enabled researchers, entrepreneurs and pondering minds the ability to discover more and more about every aspect of our very existence. Over the past three decades, the evolutionary tree of life has been expanded at least seven times over. Major advances have been made in the area of evolution to open the eyes of many to the extensive history of the earth. For the very first time, we have tangible knowledge that life evolved and grew to become a flourishing success during the young ages of the Earth. By 3.5 million years ago, life was already well advanced.
The Bronze Age ended at the beginning of the twelfth century in a collapse that appears to have been both sudden and difficult to define. A key reason that the cause of this collapse is so difficult to identify is because the collapse was so wide spread and complete. The groups we would look to for evidence on this event ceased existing, from the residents of Crete to the Greek mainland, removing their recording capabilities. We have archeological evidence, in the form of ruined cities, but most written records that provide insight into the collapse of the Bronze Age and the events of the world are Egyptian in origin, and thus are limited in their scope and reliability. In fact, these Egyptian records at
We use dinosaurs to represent the changes in nature that have occurred throughout time. Studies found that although the “oldest rock did not show evidence of life, the progression of plant and animal life that changed in recognizable intervals, from ancient life, age of reptiles to the age of mammals” (Dino Nature Metaphor, slide 6), measured the age of the earth. When we think of dinosaurs in relation to nature, we think of that very powerful force that controls the cycle of life. Nature was able to yield such magnificent ferocious creatures that walked the earth and then take them back when they served nature’s purpose. Dinosaurs fit perfectly in nature’s constant
...nder, C., Tsai, C., Wu, P., Speer, B. R., Rieboldt, S., & Smith, D. (1998/1999/2002). The permian period. Informally published manuscript, Biology 1B project for Section 115, University of California Museum of Paleontology, CA, Retrieved from http://www.ucmp.berkely.edu/permian/permian.php
The geological time scale stretches from the Precambrian to Cenozoic eras with notable events during each period. The Precambrian consists of soft-bodied life with rare fossils. Fossils in our area come from the Ordovician period. Mass extinctions ended both the Permian and Cretaceous
Han, J., Zhang, Z. F., & Liu, J. N. (2008). A preliminary note on the dispersal of the Cambrian Burgess Shale-type faunas. Gondwana Research, (1), 269-276. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.09.001
A volcano eruptions is another theory of how the dinosaurs went extinct.How it would of happened is that there would of been many volcanoes around the world that erupted around the same time.So it killed the dinosaurs but the ocean creatures survived because they were not on land where the volcanoes were..
Among the species that perished were the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, belemnoids, many species of plants, except ferns and seed-producing plants, ammonoids, marine reptiles and rudist bivalves. Severely affected organisms included planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannnoplankton, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brachiopods, mollusca, echinoids and fish. Mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and amphibians fared much better and were mostly unaffected by the End-Cretaceous mass extinction (“The End-cretaceous (K-T) Extinction”, accessed 2000...
The Permian Period commenced 298.9 million years ago and ended 252.2 million years ago, ranging from the close of the Carboniferous Period and the beginning of Triassic Period. About 250 million years ago, at the end of the Permian period, something killed some 90 percent of the planet's species. The species of animals in the seas survived no more than 5 percent. On land less than a third of the large animal species made it; nearly all the trees died (Hillel J. Hoffman, 2015). Marine life was devastated, with a 57% reduction in the number of families (Sepkoski, 1986). Oceanic life suffered the most, but terrestrial life forms were also greatly affected. All major groups of oceanic organisms were affected with the crinozoans (98%), anthozoans (96%), brachiopods (80%) and bryozoans (79%) suffering the greatest extinction (McKinney, 1987). The world, today, is alive because of the remaining 10 percent. The events that took place were in phases and some of the causes were an asteroid hitting the earth, sea level fluctuations flood basalt eruptions, a drop in oxygen levels from the acid rain caused by volcanic ash, calamitous methane release, etc.
...rgest extinction of all time; destroying almost all species including life on land as well as life in the ocean. The PT extinct in comparison to the KT extinction was very quick, only taking place over 160,000 years. This extinction divided the Permian period from the Triassic period. This took place during the formation of Pangea. After this extinction, new plants and animals emerged; specifically the animals that came before the dinosaurs. The KT extinction, although not as large as the PT extinction, created the largest known volcanic eruption known. This extinction killed off all of the dinosaurs as well as half of the species that lived during that time period because of a giant meteor the size of Manhattan. Even though much of the plant life died out during this time because of the lack of sunlight, it did not become extinct, but died and eventually came back.
So agreement over dinosaur extinction is far from unanimous, and fossil’s continue to be found that adds to the knowledge about how dinosaurs lived and died. The climate change theory still holds sway over some scientist, that refute that the chicxulub impact was the major reason for the dinosaurs extinction. Some evidence from the 65-million-year-old lava flows in india hint that a giant, gaseous volcanic plume might have initiated global climate change that threatened and killed the dinosaurs. Scientist continue to research and make more conclusions on what killed
seems like it happened so sudden, as geologic time goes, that almost all the dinosaurs
Biodiversity loss can lead to extinction, and hurt human life. It is our responsibility to take care of the environment. We bring in machines that harm the environment and destroy animal life. We need to limit ourselves on how much land and resources we consume. There are major issues that are causing species to become extinct and hurt our way of life and other animals do to the change in food chain.
Nowadays it is common to read articles in newspapers and magazines regarding biodiversity issues. Human beings have been knowingly and unknowingly destroying biodiversity since their existence. Biodiversity is the measure of the variety of species of animals living in an area. Forests are usually areas with high biodiversity while deserts are the opposite. Human beings have always destroyed biodiversity either by deforestation, or by some other means. Biodiversity depletion is a natural phenomenon. But the present levels of biodiversity depletion are many times higher than the natural rate. Recently the levels of loss in biodiversity have started causing global concern. Some of the main causes for loss in biodiversity are alteration of habitats, increasing levels of pollution and human population growth.