Introduction: Although the correlation between anxiety states, stress, and occurrence of periodontal disorders has been reported, more research on other psychological signs seems to be necessary. The objective of this study was to compare the psychological signs in patients with chronic periodontitis with healthy people.
Method: In a cross sectional study, 40 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy individuals aged between 20 to 40 years who were able to read and write, were participated. Clinical examinations were performed by a single examiner. Psychological assessment was done by SCL-90-R questionnaire. This study was performed in 2011 in Zahedan city (Eastern Iran). All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 19. The comparison between groups was performed using independent t test and ANOVA as appropriated.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference in mean scores of 9 psychological disorders between the study groups, but this difference was not psychologically significant. Mean score of global severity index in patients was higher than healthy people and this was statistically and psychologically significant. After separation of individuals to four age groups (20-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40 year olds) it was indicated that in 31-35 year olds, mean scores of phobic anxiety, depression, and anxiety were statistically and psychologically significant between the study groups.
Conclusion: this study can be used as a guide to further studies specially longitudinal studies in 31-35 years old people for collecting data. (This is not a good conclusion. Conclusion should be based on the findings of this study)
Key words: psychological disorders, SCL-90, chronic periodontitis, healthy pe...
... middle of paper ...
...re is no comparable dental research but, after dividing the participants to four age groups, it was indicated that in 31-35 year olds, the means score of phobic anxiety, depression and anxiety was statistically and psychologically different between patients and healthy groups.
Periodontal disease has a long-term health outcome and therefore, it is likely that a chronic pattern of adverse psychological effects is required to have a measurable disease. (this phrase is not understandable)
Since our results are derived from a cross-sectional study, they need to be completed by further studies, particularly longitudinal ones to confirm the findings. However, the result of this study may be used as a guide to decide on important measurement specially in 31-35years old groups, to include in longitudinal studies for collecting data. (I do not understand this part as well)
(198)First, we need to understand what fear and anxiety is. Fear is when the nervous system responds to a threat to ones well being. Anxiety is when there is a vague sense of danger. Both of these term help the body determine when action needs to be taken like “Fight” or “Flight”. When they both come clinically significant is when people can’t not live there normal lives without one or there other or both interfering. “Their discomfort is so server or to frequent, last too long, or is trigger to easily, (Comer, 2013, pp.114)”. Then they are termed with having an anxiety disorder or some other disorder. Most psychologist use the DSM-5 check list when diagnosing a patient with anxiety disorder. They look for these signs that the DSM-5 list:
On his initial examination dated 23/06/13 the patient was seen for a routine full mouth scale and polish with reinforced oral hygiene instruction including flossing technique. He presented with excellent oral hygiene at this appointment which was a reflection of his commitment to good oral hygiene; tooth-brushing twice daily and dental flossing once daily. This was further supported by the patients plaque scores at 5% and bleeding scores at 4% with only minimal supra gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth. There was no erythema or oedema present on the gingival tissues.
We all fear pain and it’s a well-known reason for people to avoid seeing the dentist. Most end up having severe periodontal problems leading to loss of teeth. Approximately 4-11% people suffer from dental phobias and avoid seeking dental care at all costs. Many of them end up in emergency situations that require invasive procedures like extraction or pulpotomy, which further reinforces their phobia.
14- Dutt. P, Chaudhary SR, et al. Oral health and menopause: a comprehensive review on current knowledge and associated dental management. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research (2013); 3(3): 320-323.
About three percent of men and women in the U.S. suffer from Generalized anxiety disorder (APAA). It is one of the most common forms of anxiety and seems to be the most left untreated because people don’t know that it can be treated (McGradles). GAD, although it affects many, is a disorder that can be detrimental to the quality of life of an individual. With the regard to the quality of life, the level of severity that a person experiences is a great factor in determining more information. The accumulated information is a defining feature in figuring the dissimilarity of the normal fight or flight response and the diagnoses of GAD. The disorder itself is that of excessive worry (AnxietyBC) about everyday things like, financial situations, school, family, or health (APAA). Having three or more symptoms such as nausea, shaking, sweating, hot flashes, headaches, and many others, is what contributes to the diagnosis (Patel). By understanding what the disorder is and how it can be treated, Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a serious, yet gradually treatable issue.
Although the majority of people do not realize they have gingivitis, now that the disease has progressed, the symptoms are more evident.
The majority of the world’s population occasionally experiences stress and anxiety caused by problems or events. However, some people continuously worry over a variety of daily issues; they most likely have a psychological disorder called generalized anxiety disorder, also known as GAD. Their fears can become intense and severe, interfering with their daily lives. Besides excessive worry, fatigue, restlessness, irritability, and muscle tension are also known to be part of the diagnostic criteria for GAD. The several potential risk factors and causes of GAD are genetics, brain structure, environment, and personality. Along with its numerous symptoms and causes, generalized anxiety disorder also has many forms of treatment, including medication, cognitive therapy, and supplements. How well the patient responds to treatment depends on the severity of the disorder, but generalized anxiety disorder is often treated successfully.
Periodontal disease is an infection of the gingiva and alveolar bone. Periodontal disease increases in prevalence and severity as people age. Periodontal disease is precursored by gingivitis.
The reliability and validity were researched by using three types of studies: mixed diagnostic group, certified patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and a non-clinical sample. It should be noted that the that was used population were psychiatric patients s...
Bearing in mind that an anxiety response is a result of various factors, there are different types of anxiety disorders. The most common type of anxiety disorders as described as specific phobias, social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) (2016), specific phobias affect about 19 million adults in the U.S, while SAD affects 15 million, PD affects 6 million, GAD affects about 6.8 million, OCD affects about 2.2 million and PTSD affects 7.7 million adults respectively. Considering that anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S, yet only about one-third of those suffering receive treatment (ADAA, 2016).
The prevention of periodontitis is straightforward for patients. The first step in prevention is to assure that the patient is brushing twice a day utilising the proper brushing technique. Patients who fear the contraction of periodontitis are not encouraged to brush too much however, as excessive brushing with poor technique can lead to other oral problems such as the reduction of the gums (gingival recession). Brushing at least twice a day help inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria and prevents plaque, and thus tartar from forming. Patients who wish to prevent periodontitis should also floss daily. Flossing daily includes the spaces between each tooth, as well as behind the last two molars on the mandibular and maxillary arches. Flossing should get in below the gum line to prevent bacteria from congregating just below the surface. The last at home, over-the-counter treatment available for the prevention of periodontitis is the use of an antiseptic mouthwash. While proper use of mouthwash in conjunction with the other techniques can help cure gingivitis, once periodontal disease has elapsed stage 1 of periodontal disease, no amount of mouthwash or brushing can restore attachment lost in the periodontium.
[8] Garcia R, Henshaw M, Krall A. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. Periodontology 2000, 25: 21–36
National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Studying anxiety disorders. NIH Medline plus, 5, 13-15. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/complete-index.shtml
Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Müller N, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen H. Social Anxiety Disorder and the
Kessler, R.C. “The Epidemiology of Pure and Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review and Evaluation of Recent Research”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102.406 (2000): 7-13. Print.