522 Infectious Disease Project
Rush Royals
Natalia Rich, Amy Richards, Ryan Rickley, Brianne Riley, and Nicole Roehrig
Identify the components of the Chain of Infection and specify Modes of Transmission to the development of the following infectious diseases: Ebola, Legionnaire’s Disease, Toxic Shock Syndrome. For each disease, identify the methods of “breaking” the chain of infection. (This section may not exceed 3000 words)
Ebola
Disease Description
Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 in Africa near the Ebola River Valley; this rare virus causes hemorrhagic fever and has been active in that region resulting in mortality rates of up to 90% (Sullivan, Yang, & Nabel, 2003). Until recently, the Ebola virus had not been seen in the United States.
Chain of Infection
The Ebola chain of infection begins with the resevoir of the infectious agent. Although information is known about the disease and its course of action, the natural host or reservoir of Ebola has yet to be identified. Scientists believe that animals such as bats, monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas are the cause of spreading the virus to humans (WHO, 2014). Currently, primates and humans are the only mammals known to become infected with the virus (CDC, 2014a). The disease causing agent for the Ebola virus derives from the virus family, Filoviridae, which has five identified species: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Taï Forest virus (Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus); Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus); and Reston virus (Reston ebolavirus). The first four have documented cases affecting humans, but the fifth species is only known to cause disease in primates (CDC, 2014a). The portal of exit for th...
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Mayo Clinic. (2014a). Disease and conditions- Legionnaire’s disease. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/basics/risk-factors/con-20028867
Mayo Clinic (2014b). Disease and conditions- Toxic shock syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000273.htm
Scub, T., & Winn, E. (2005). Quick lesson: Toxic shock syndrome. Cinhal Information Systems. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.rush.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=163b920a-312f-4936-b7cf-5b93e17da59d%40sessionmgr4001&vid=37&hid=4212
Sullivan, N., Yang, Z., & Nabel, G. (2003). Ebola virus pathogenesis: Implications for vaccines and therapies. Journal of Virology. 77(18), pg 9733-9737.
World Health Organization (2014). Ebola virus disease. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/
This virus is similar to Ebola, because it started in the same place. Lab workers in Germany, in 1967, contracted the new virus while working with African Green Monkeys, which had the virus. The virus is described as a hemorrhagic fever. It has a fatality rate up to 90% and spreads through human to human contact. The first symptoms can be as simple as a fever and a headache, then can progress to organ failure, and fatal internal bleeding.
Also considered as a hemorrhagic fever, MVD can affect both humans and animals, specifically those of primate species. The virus is classified as a unique strand – so unique that it is one of five in the same family to include that strand of the Ebola virus. The virus can contain as little as one strand to be contagious and can survive up to two weeks in blood specimens at room temperature. The incubation period, which is the time between exposure and when symptoms begin to appear in victims, is 2-21 days. Research suggests that the RNA strand is a filo-virus and that the highest inter-human transmission takes place from contact with body fluids or injections. Subcutaneous transmission also occurs especially when caring for an ailing loved one and/or disposing or pr...
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a viral disease that was first recorded in 1976, when an outbreak occurred in Yambuku, Zaire, a country that was latter renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (Walsh, Biek & Real, 2005). During the outbreak 318 cases were recorded of which 280 (88%) died. Later the same year, an outbreak occurred in Sudan where 284 cases were recorded with fatality rate of 53%. The disease and the virus that cause it are named after River Ebola that passes though Yambuku. In the USA, Ebola killed several monkeys in Reston, Virginia in 1989 (Barton, 2006; CDC, 2000). Despite several other outbreaks, the disease has neither medically approved pre-exposure nor post-exposure interventions. However, ongoing research shows optimistic signs.
The theory behind how Ebola was introduced was from children eating bats which were infected. A man’s 1-year-old son suddenly became sick with a fever, had diarrhea, and stopped eating; later, he died. The government of Guinea didn’t know how to respond to the outbreak, and the Ministry of Health thought they could contain it. Meanwhile, Ebola was spreading to Sierra Leone, and eventually the 3 poorest neighboring countries were infected. A corpse of an Ebola patient was highly infectious, but traditional practice of Africans was to wash and dress the body, which enabled the virus to infect those
The Ebola Virus is an extremely deadly virus found in Africa. There have been multiple outbreaks across Africa and one in the United States. The Ebola virus basically causes uncontrollable bleeding externally and internally. Then your organs become liquefied. This usually results in death(www.encyclopedia.com). The following report contains info on the characteristics and history of the Ebola Virus.
Ebola Zaire was identified in 1976 in Northern Zaire and was the first documented appearance of the virus.
Ebolavirus is currently an area of interest, as a result of recent outbreaks. The exact causes and cellular biology are still not completely understood, but research is improving and new information is becoming available. The cell biology of the ebolavirus can be described by examining the pathogenicity of the virus and the variations in the types of host infection.
In 1976 the first two Ebola outbreaks were recorded. In Zaire and western Sudan five hundred and fifty people reported the horrible disease. Of the five hundred and fifty reported three hundred and forty innocent people died. Again in 1995 Ebola reportedly broke out in Zaire, this time infecting over two hundred and killing one hundred and sixty. (Bib4, Musilam, 1)
Marburg virus belongs to the genus Marburgvirus in the family Filoviridae, and causes a grave hemorrhagic fever, known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), in twain humans and nonhuman primates. Basic Safety measures for medical personnel and others who are taking care of presumed individuals who may be contaminated with Marburg disease. Marburg Virus, Akin to the more widely known Ebola hemorrhagic fever, MHF is portrayed by systemic viral replication, lowering the body’s normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances and abnormal inflammatory responses. Ebola and Marburg Virus are very similar in many ways Marburg virus was introduced first in the 1960’s. These pathological features of the disease subsidize to a numerous of systemic dysfunctions including
One of the current major concerns in the world is the outbreak of Ebola. Ebola is a infectious disease that comes from the Ebola virus and it can cause death if the patient is left untreated. The disease can be managed with treatment of the patient, however. Ebola is a disease that is a major concern in the Subsaharan African Realm, and in the North American Realm,but it is beginning to be dealt with sufficiently in the Northern American Realm.
The Ebola and Marburg virus are extremely lethal viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever. The Ebola and Marburg virus are both in the virus family of Filoviridae in which Ebola and Marburg are known to be filoviruses. These viruses can be spread easily through the exchange of bodily fluids. When a human body becomes infected by any of these viruses, their body will bleed out internally, as well as externally, where blood rushes out in every opening of the body. The virus causes the internal organs to liquefy as well. Because of the effects, the way it spreads easily from person to person, and its power to easily kill many people, the Ebola and Marburg has the potential to be the slate wiper.
A study was done in 2005 to learn more about the hosts for the virus. Human outbreaks that occurred between 2001 and 2005 in Gabon and the Republic of Congo were linked to outbreaks that affected the local gorilla and chimpanzee populations. In order to identify the reservoir, the researchers did animal trappings in the areas affected. There were 1,030 animals captured which included 679 bats, 222 birds, and 129 small terrestrial vertebrates. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) which is for the Ebola virus was detected in the serum of three different bat species (Leroy et al. 2005). The organs targeted by the Ebola virus were the liver and spleen. The researchers concluded that their results supported the results of previous investigations as bats as reservoirs for
The Ebola outbreak began in parts of central Africa from bats. There have already been 8,914
In 2013 most people didn't know nothing about Ebola and didn't even know this disease existed. This infection was first identified in 1976 but did little harm that they did not make a cure for it. This disease can be spread through having contact with another persons blood, saliva, and sweat (Brooks). There are also some information that shows that a person who did not have Ebola did use a blanket from someone who did have Ebola and got the disease just like that (Altman). "Ebola is a virus, or infection, It gets its name from the Ebola River, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the disease was first reported, in 1976" (What Is Ebola?). Ebola started in west Africa and is now a global crisis. Some say that this disease was originated from fruit bats and these animals can spread this disease and not have it at the same time
The occurrence of infectious disease and epidemics has speckled the history of humanity since the first civilization established itself. Considering that a large population can help to foster infectious diseases, and humans share almost 300 communicable agents with animals, the outbreak of epidemics is inextricably intertwined with revol...