The universality versus cultural specificity debate both have aspects that make sense and can be applied to childhood development. On one side, supporters of the argument for the universality of parenting suggest that certain types of parenting styles will produce the same child development outcomes in different cultures. On the other hand, the argument for cultural specificity states that different parenting practices vary from culture to culture, and that culture ultimately determines the outcomes of child development. Each culture has specific styles of parenting that instill values on children particular to that culture. Each individual has characteristics of what their parents taught them, which gives every individual their own personality. Both sides present logical information on the cultural impacts of parenting on child development outcomes. Universality in parenting is arguing that even with different ethnic backgrounds and parenting styles, child development outcomes turn out to be similar. Phinney, Ong, and Madden (2000) wanted to find out if there were commonalities in developmental processes among immigrant and non-immigrant groups. They studied those groups to see if living in America caused them to change their collectivist values over to individualistic values. They observed patterns among three immigrant groups: Vietnamese, Armenian, and Mexican. They also had two non-immigrant groups, the Europeans, and the African Americans. They separated the immigrant groups into two cohorts, cohort one being U.S.-born adolescents and parents who have longer residence in the United States, and cohort two being foreign-born adolescents with parents who have not lived in the U.S. that long. Participants were given questionn... ... middle of paper ... ...chool. Works Cited Chao, R. K. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72(6), 1832-1843. Cheung, C., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2011). Parents' involvement in children's learning in the United States and China: Implications for children's academic and emotional adjustment. Child Development, 82(3), 932-950. Phinney, J. S., Ong, A., & Madden, T. (2000). Cultural values and intergenerational value discrepancies in immigrant and non-immigrant families. Child Development, 71(2), 528-539. Russell, A., Hart, C. H., Robinson, C. C., & Olsen, S. F. (2003). Children's sociable and aggressive behavior with peers: A comparison of the US and Australian, and contributions of temperament and parenting styles. International Journal Of Behavioral Development, 27(1), 74-86.
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Society for Research in Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119.
Chinese parenting is competent at times but there are other times where it is more suitable to follow other forms of parenting such as the Western style.These findings have important consequences for the broader domain of parent-child relationships. Whether it is Chinese parenting or Western parenting the relationship between family members is crucial. According to Amy Chua, Chinese parenting is more effective in helping the child attain a better future through the parents’ interests, while Western parenting style reflects mainly the interests of the child.
According to Montgomery (2014) ‘Children in different parts of the world lead very different lives, partly because of the variations of cultural beliefs about childhood’. These variations are brought about by the fact that each child is different, with different beliefs, raised with different parenting methods in different countries with different cultural influences. All of which have individual definitions of what it is to be a child, and a child’s capabilities. These cultural and social differences all vary on their emphasis of traits that are important, such as individuality, independence, inter-dependancy and expectations of behaviour. Each child is constructed in a unique way according to these differences, and each difference impacts
Cultural Differences in Child Development Expectations ABSTRACT -------- A small research has been carried in order to find out how different cultural backgrounds can influence a child’s developmental expectations in adults and the consequences of these expectations. The design of the method was a replication of Hess et al., 1980, study, applied into two mothers with early age daughters, coming from two different cultural backgrounds, English and Spanish. They answered at what age they thought different statements about child development would be reached by their children and being these statements about grouped into 6 main developmental areas the averages were calculated and compared. The results showed an earlier expectation of achievement in all areas of development, except for independence, in the English participant and a complete opposite position of the Spanish participant expecting a late development of the child in general.
Parents with immigrant background may go through a complex process of acculturation. As a result, they endorse a mixed belief system which includes both individualistic socialization goals and collectivistic socialization goals. To determine how parenting and parents’ socialization goals may shaped by migration experiences, Graf and his colleagues (2014) recruited 40 German parents, 40 Mongolian parents who lived in Germany and 40 Mongolian parents who lived in Mongolia. German parents who participated in this study were older and had more children than other groups. By asking parents to complete online questionnaires, both parenting behavior and parents’ socialization goals were assessed at the same time. The results confirmed the expected cultural differences of the German group and the Mongolian group as related to different cultural emphases on independent and interdependent values. However, when faced socialization goals which are highly valued in interdependent cultures, compare to Mongolian parents who lived in native country, Mongolian parents who lived in Germany rated these socialization goals significantly lower. Immigrant parents changed to value what be emphasized by parents live in the new cultural context, aspects of the host culture and the heritage culture are combined. (criti -
Parents and their parenting style play an important role in the development of their child. In fact, many child experts suggest that parenting style can affect a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological development which influence not just their childhood years, but it will also extend throughout their adult life. This is because a child’s development takes place through a number of stimuli, interaction, and exchanges that surround him or her. And since parents are generally a fixed presence in a child’s life, they will likely have a significant part on the child’s positive or negative development (Gur 25).
children’s personality, character, and competence” (Baumrind, 1978). It is amazing that children who are raised in completely different environments can go on to possess similar characteristics later in life. But why is this the case? The functions that parents perform greatly influence how children develop. A tremendous amount of research has been done on the effects of parenting styles since 1966 when Diana Baumrind first published her three prototypes of parenting styles, but many parents fail to understand the power they possess in shaping the future lives of their children and the need for a responsible strategy regarding the rearing of their children.
A parent’s parenting styles are as diverse as the world we live in today. Nowadays, parents only want what is best for their children and their parenting styles plays a crucial role in the development of children which will in the long run, not only effect the child’s childhood years, but later prolong into their adult life as well.
Growing up, two group of people, parents, and grandparents, took the time and the energy to raise me. Both of them had different approaches when raising me. These approaches were different parenting styles. According to Baumrind, parenting style was the “[capturing] normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children” (Darling, 1999). To put it simply, parenting style goal was to lecture, influence, and discipline a child. In general, there are four parenting styles with their own specific benefits and disadvantages. Furthermore, parenting style, granted the dynamic of the family was understood, can be identified in families.
In the world past, present, and future, there will always be culture. Culture is something that people believe in and use as guidelines to dictate their lives. Culture is what brings people back to their roots, back to where they are from, and who their ancestors were. People all over the world have many different backgrounds. Some have only one culture they practice, while others have several cultures they believe in and practice. These differences cause problems in the health care work place when health care members must put aside their beliefs and morals, and attend to the patient as they wish, and as they believe. According to Choi (2015, 593), “culture is a matrix of beliefs, values, and norms that inform, give meaning to, and regulate
Iruka, Iheoma U. Durden, Tonia Kennel, Portia (2015). Changing Faces: Parenting, Culture, and Child Learning and Development: Zero to Three, 35 (4). 10-18.
As seen in lectures and through the media, Western culture perceives this parenting style as a causer of adverse effects such as lack of responsiveness and feelings of guilt. However, Asian culture sees it as harmless and even as a standard. For this reason, it can be seen that Asian American’s do not refer to their parenting style as authoritarian due to the negative connotation. The preferred view is to see the style as a result of generational training to produce highly successful and responsible kids. Through the research investigated, Asian Americans are generally classified as being authoritarian, but with even more research, it can be seen that they raise their children with this overshadowing control because they deem it essential. So, with even further research, cultural customs should be considered for the reasoning behind using the controlling parenting
There are many concepts that were introduced by Turner and Welch in, Parenting in Contemporary Society. While some concepts I learned previously to this course, a few were new to me. It is always good to learn new concepts and expand your knowledge. Doing so can better help you in new life experiences or your career. A few specific concepts became of interest to me that I have since further explored. I will be discussing the family projection process, the child-free by choice trend, the dilution hypothesis, and co-parenting. The family projection process and dilution hypothesis are both newly learned concepts for me. The concepts child-free by choice and co-parenting apply to my own experiences and interests.
Parenting styles have the capacity of influencing a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological growth, which would then affect the child both in their childhood years, and as an adult.
In this paper I am going to critically discuss how parental involvement in children's education does make a positive difference to pupils' achievement. I will be using research in differing trustworthy media such as literature, journals and government documents to strengthen my discussion.