Missing figures
Two basic principles of fluid dynamics underlie all objects in flight: The forces of Lift, opposing the downward acceleration of gravity, and the forces of drag due to air-resistance. Both forces, properly harnessed and controlled lead to such ingenious devices as the parachute and the helicopter. Aerodynamics, the field of fluid dynamics involving the flow of gasses, even has applications in fields as separate as the automotive industry, fire-safety, and golfing.
The aerodynamics of paper airfoils, and additionally, the study of airfoils of small size and low mass are allowing the emergence of a new generation of aircraft: low-speed, affordable aircraft for a variety of uses: military reconnaissance, civilian law enforcement, and interplanetary exploration.
This web-project will explore and discuss some of the fundamentals and phenomena regarding such low-speed airfoils. Constructing paper airfoils is one easy and enjoyable way to study such aerodynamics.
Daniel Bernoulli, a member of the Swiss family of mathematicians, studied the dynamics of fluid flow. He is honored today with a principle of fluid flow named after him: Bernoulli?s Principle. Bernouli?s principle shows that the average velocity of an ideal fluid is directly proportional to the pressure (A force over an area) it exerts upon a surface along that flow.
Figure 1.1 shows an example of a device used to measure the velocity of moving fluids utilizing this principle. A pitot-tube utilizes the differences in pressures between the stagnant air at the tip and the moving air across the opening to determine the velocity. A greater difference in pressures means a greater fluid speed.
According to popular myth, Archi...
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...t. Although, typically, increasing the thickness of a wing generally increases its curvature, leading to greater lift. For the case of paper airfoils, which are mostly flat, increasing the curvature of the wing leads to a loss in stability and a very large increase in drag.
5. Airfoils with shorter chord lengths typically suffer from less viscous drag than those of longer chord lengths. These wings are called high-aspect ratio wings, The aspect ratio is the ratio of the wing's wing-span to it's surface area. For paper airfoils, due to lack of rigidity at long lengths and short chord lengths it is possible for a wing to fold in on itself at speeds of sustainable flight. This typically puts an upper limit to a wing's span of only a few tens of centimeters when it is constructed of paper, and therefore most paper airfoil wings are low-aspect ratio.
The project that we chose, measuring the velocity of different types of incidents involving blood splatter, falls under the category of Physics. Hence the use of the equation V=ΔD/Δt .
The materials used in this experiment included paper and straws, both very light materials. I wonder if similar results could be obtained with other materials such as carbon fiber or aluminium. Since gravity is constant, (9.8 m/sec/sec), I would be interested to learn if paper's air resistance while flying allows for produced greater or lesser distances than would carbon fiber or aluminum with the same wing to body
The purpose of flying paper airplanes was to see which plane would be the fastest and slowest out of 20 planes. The main purpose was to see which plane had the lowest velocity.
Have you wondered why airplanes were ever able to fly or how racecars are able to stay on the ground at high speeds? They all use a scientific concept called Bernoulli’s principle, or more commonly known as Bernoulli’s equation. His principle simply states that the faster a fluid flows, the less pressure it applies, the slower the fluid flows, the more pressure it applies.
In the project for science fair, we will be dropping whirligigs to test, which have the most aerodynamic structure. We will be recording the weight of the paper clips we put onto the whirligig. We will use the app that tracts how the whirligig falls. Which is called “Vernier Video Physics”. Then when we have enough data we will try to make the perfect paper airplane. To get the perfect paper airplane we must have the correct weight, the correct thrust, and the correct aerodynamics of the whirligig, this is why our project mostly consists of aerodynamics.
This law, known as Gay-Lussac’s law, observes the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas. Contrary to its name, this relationship was actually discovered by French scientific instrument inventor and physicist Guillaume Amontons, and is occasionally referred to Amontons’ Law of Pressure-Temperature. While Guy-Lussac did explore the temperature-pressure relationship, Guy-Lussac’s law is usually used to refer to the law of combining volumes. Amontons stubble across this relationship when he was building an “air thermometer.” Although not many have been able identify his exact method of experimentation, later scientist developed an apparatus in which consisted of pressure gauge and a metal sphere. These two pieces were then attached and submerged in solutions of varying temperatures. From Amontons’ and Guy-Lussac’s research and experimentation, they determined that pressure and volume had direct relationship; as one increased, the other increased. The quotient of pressure and temperature was then found to equal a constant, in which just like Boyle’s law, could be used to find one of the two variables at another pressure or temperature, given one of the variables and that the other conditions remain the same. Instead of using various solutions at different temperatures like in the experiment describe above, many experiments today utilize a solution in which the temperature is increased or decrease, such as in the following
First of all you will have to understand the principles of flight. An airplane flies because air moving over and under its surfaces, particularly its wings, travels at different velocities, producing a difference in air pressure, low above the wing and high below it. The low pressure exerts a pulling influence, and the high pressure a pushing influence. The lifting force, usually called lift, depends on the shape, area, and tilt of the wing, and on the speed of the aircraft. The shape of the wing causes the air streaming above and below the wing to travel at different velocities. The greater distance over which the air must travel above the curved upper surface forces that air to move faster to keep pace with the air moving along the flat lower surface. According to Bernoulli’s principle, it is this difference in air velocity that produces the difference in air pressure.
For a plane to create lift, its wings must create low pressure on top and high pressure on the bottom. However, at the tips of the wings, the high pressure pushes and the low pressure pulls air onto the top of the wing, reducing lift and creating a current flowing to the top. This current remains even after the wing has left the area, producing really awesome vortices.
Rinard, J. E. (2001). The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Book of Flight. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc.
As word of the speed and efficiency of this new marine vessel spread, many others became interested in the use of the hydrofoil, particularly for commercial purposes. Thus, in 1952, the first commercial hydrofoil was launched, with the capability of transporting 32 passengers at a speed of 35 knots. Given its simple mechanics, this accomplishment was deemed remarkable. As such, many other countries including Canada, the United States, and what was the Soviet Union began to commission research on high-performance military hydrofoils. The results were outstanding. Eventually, hydrofoils proved to be very fast and well-armed, capable of sinking nearly any and every other surface vessel. In addition to their service in the military, hydrofoils are still widely used today as tourist transportation.
The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds.
The world today requires multiple ways of transport, especially over the Atlantic Ocean. During and before the 1900’s, transatlantic travels were very common and are mainly carried out via boats. However, due to the revolutionary change by the Wright brothers, in 1903, the creation of the propeller planes made shorter travel time between one country to another possible. As technology develops, the transportation of cargo and passengers via airplanes became easier and more efficient with the replacement of jet engines in July 16, 1949, by the famous inventor Frank Whittle (FindtheData, n.d.). The principles behind how a jet-engine powered aircraft works associate with many laws of physics, from Newton’s Law of Inertia to the Third Law of Motion. These laws are also applicable to the aerofoil and the engines aerodynamically, in particular with the four forces: lift, drag, weight and thrust which allows an aircraft to maneuver across the skies.
The trials and tribulations of flight have had their ups and downs over the course of history. From the many who failed to the few that conquered; the thought of flight has always astonished us all. The Wright brothers were the first to sustain flight and therefore are credited with the invention of the airplane. John Allen who wrote Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion says, “The Wright Brothers were the supreme example of their time of men gifted with practical skill, theoretical knowledge and insight” (6). As we all know, the airplane has had thousands of designs since then, but for the most part the physics of flight has remained the same. As you can see, the failures that occurred while trying to fly only prove that flight is truly remarkable.
Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school competition.
First off, it should be stated that there are many different designs of paper airplanes and that different designs could affect the physics applied to it. If one paper airplane used a second set of wings or had a tail like a real airplane, those items would have more physics applied to them like extra drag.