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Papillomavirus infektion
Literature review on cervical cancer
Literature review on cervical cancer
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Recommended: Papillomavirus infektion
Cervical cancer has a major impact on women’s lives; it is the second most common cause of cancer-related diseases and death among women worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), cervical cancer is the cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects the vagina to the upper part of the uterus. Cervical cancer is a slow-growing cancer that may not cause any symptoms at first but may cause pelvic pain or bleeding from the vagina later. It is mostly caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another during sexual activity (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010).
Women, in general, are at risk of cervical cancer. However, it is more prevalent in women over the age of 30. The American Cancer Society (2010) report on cervical cancer estimates that in each year, approximately about 12,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with cervical cancer and about 4,290 women will die from cervical cancer. Most cases were found in women younger than 50. Since, cervical cancer rarely develops in women younger than 20 years old, many older women do not realize that the risk of developing cervical cancer is still present starting at that age. About almost 20% of women with cervical cancer are diagnosed when they are over 65 (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2010). This is why it is very important for women between the ages of 30-50 to continue having regular Pap smear tests, which is one screening method to detect the early symptoms of cervical cancer. Another method is the HPV Vaccine, known as Cervarix and Gardasil. Both of these vaccines can protect girls and young women ...
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..., R. , Maldonado, J. , & Celaya-Alston, R. (2011). Beliefs
about the pap smear among mexican immigrants. Journal of Immigrant & Minority
Health, 13(5), 899-905.
Gregg, J. , Nguyen-Truong, C. , Wang, P. , & Kobus, A. (2011). Prioritizing prevention: Culture,
context, and cervical cancer screening among vietnamese american women. Journal of
Immigrant & Minority Health, 13(6), 1084-1089.
National Cancer Institute. (2011). Cancer Drug Information: Drugs Approved for Cervical
Cancer. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/cervicalcancer#dal2
_____. (2008). FactSheet: Cancer Health Disparities. Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/disparities/cancer-health-disparities
_____. (2010). HPV Vaccines for Cervical Cancer. Research and Fundings.
Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/hpv-vaccines/Page1
Cervical cancer tissues and normal cervical tissues were collected from 24 newly diagnosed patients with primary cervical cancer, in order to perform the experiments outlined in the paper. Experiments were also performed on the following human cervical carcinoma cell lines: HeLa, SiHa, C33A, and CaSki, which were purchased from a company. The researchers extracted the genomic DNA from the samples collected. The DNA was then bisulfite modified and amplified using PCR. The PCR product was then examined through gel electrophoresis to insure a single band was obtained, and then sequenced by Invitrogen. Methylation-specific PCR was then carried out of the bisulfate-treated DNA. This was done to check the consistency of the ...
What is the human papillomavirus (HPV)? According to the US government’s National Cancer Institute, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a collection of more than one hundred viruses, many types having the ability to grow tumors or polyps that are malignant and others benign. Certain of the viruses are capable of forming genital warts. The HPVs that cause the common warts on hands and feet are different from those that cause growth in the throat or genital area (Human Papillomavirus). Professors Joe Cummins and Dr. Mae-Wan Ho inform us that some types are associated with cancer, and are called “high risk” HPVs. Of the more than one hundred types of HPVs, over thirty can be passed on through sexual contact. Most HPV infections occur without any symptoms and go away without treatment over the course of a few years. However, HPV infection sometimes persists for many years, with or without causing detectable cell abnormalities. Infection from “High risk” types of HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer. Pap smears have also led to earlier detection of these infections. Nearly all women who are sexually active will have HPV inf...
There are over 100 types of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). This virus affects the skin and moist membranes that line the body such as the mouth, throat, fingers, nails, cervix, and anus. Between 30 and 40 of the 100 viruses can affect the genital area; for the most part it causes genital warts. Human Papilloma Virus is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases In the United States, according to various studies it is estimated that at least 50% of sexually active people will get some type of genital Hpv at some time in their lives. People can get Hpv and have the virus for years, even pass it on to their sex partners without even knowing it that is because the virus often does not show any symptoms. It is a sexually transmitted disease that can cause genital warts and cervical cancer”. (“HPV fact sheet” 2012).
William, W. D. (2004). Culture and the risk of disease. British Medical Bulletin, 69, 21-31. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldh020
Ormond, B., Spillman, B., Waidmann, T., Caswell, K., & Tereshchenko, B.. (2011). Potential National and State Medical Care Savings From Primary Disease Prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 101(1), 157-64. Retrieved February 23, 2011, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 2233850141).
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
One way to decrease the prevalence of deteriorating health for any population is by using preventive care measures (Andrews, & Boyle, 2008). The use of preventive care allows significant problems to be identified early which enables the resolution of the problem when it is still a minor issue (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Often this strategy is more cost effective and require...
Ovarian Cancer is a disease of uncontrollably dividing cancer cells in the ovary. Being one of the most devastating diseases to have, along with a limited number of treatment opportunities, it may feel like there has been a time stamp put on your life. With that said, there are four different types of ovarian cancer: epithelial tumors, germ cell carcinoma tumors, stromal carcinoma tumors, and small cell carcinoma of the ovary. Epithelium cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in women in the United States, killing approximately 140,000 women yearly.
...nts of Health and the Prevention of Health Inequities. Retrieved 2014, from Australian Medical Association: https://ama.com.au/position-statement/social-determinants-health-and-prevention-health-inequities-2007
Almost 263,020 oral cavity cancers, and 127,654 oral cancer deaths occur worldwide each year1. On January 1, 2010, in the US there were approximately 275,193 women and men alive who had a history of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (181,084 men and 94,109 women)2. The 5-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer remains almost unchanged despite various treatment improvements in the last three decades3. Individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer (OC) are mainly older, males, heavy users of alcohol and tobacco, and have a poor diet and low socioeconomic status4, 5. Recent studies have implicated HPV infection as an independent risk factor for oro-pharyngeal cancers6, 7. For oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of HPV remains controversial8.
Uterine cancer is an important women health problem developing rapidly, killing over 200,000 women each year. No one has discovered the actual cause, but there is a leading factor that has great suspicions to what is causing this cancer to grow rapidly.
American Journal Of Public Health103.1 (2013): 27-31. Business Source Premier.
Moody, J. (2011). Strengthening prevention program theories strengthening prevention program theories. Society for Prevention Research, 349-360.
Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes are said to account for nearly two of every three deaths in the U.S. Though there is a possibility of these diseases being prevented with a healthy lifestyle, there is no way to actually prevent the onset and progression of these conditions. Sadly, young children are being introduced to these unhealthy lifestyles and taking them right into adulthood thus becoming walking billboards for the diseases. These diseases compromise health, shorten life expectancy, and cause enormous suffering, disability, and economic costs.... ... middle of paper ... ...