Stavudine (1-[(2R, 5S)-5-(hydroxyl methyl)-2, 5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]-5-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2, 4-Dione) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) active against HIV. This drug bears some significant draw backs such as relatively short half-life, low bio availability poor permeability and undesirable side effects. To overcome these draw backs could be association with nano scaled drug carriers have emerged as a bridge linking nanotechnology and advanced drug delivery involving nan scaled materials such as liposomes, microspheres, polymeric shells , nanoparticles ,carbon nanotubes and carbon nano horns. Among these carriers nanoparticles and liposomes have been widely investigated. Due to various technical problems such as poor stability and low entrapment efficiency of liposomes, nanoparticles were proposed as a suitable alternative.
Metal nanoparticles are new generation materials being widely investigated for biomedical and therapeutic applications. Among the various metal nanoparticles gold nanoparticles provide promising scaffolds for drug and gene delivery .Their unique features such as monodispersity, tunable core size, large surface to volume ratio and easy functionalization with virtually any molecule or bio molecule enable their effective targeting transport and tuning of delivery process. Gold nanoparticles could provide a significant opportunity for novel medical treatment due to their preparation. Low toxicity and antiangiogenic properties as well as their ability to bind with various target bio-chemical molecules. Most of the routes for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles involved the use of chemical reducing agents like NaBH4, N, N dimethyl formamide, tri sodium citrate or other organic compounds. All these reducing agents possess potential environmental risk as they are associated with chemical toxicity and biological hazards. To overcome this draw backs utilization of harsh reducing agents the interest in this field has shifted towards “green chemistry” and bio process approach.
These approaches focus on exploration of cost effective eco-friendly and biocompatible reducing agents for synthesis of AuNps. Early report cites the use of several plant extracts such as coriander, banana peel for synthesis of AuNps. However, these natural sources containing several components generate AuNps at much slower rate over a period of 24–48 h. To this end, interest in this field has increased by utilizing non-toxic and biocompatible naturally occurring polysaccharides such as chitosan and gellan gum for rapid synthesis of AuNps and subsequent use for drug delivery applications. In this paper we report the synthesis of AuNps using salmalia malabarica as the reducing and capping agent, revealing the superior stability they impart on the synthesized nanoparticles under other conditions.
Every year a large number of new medicines receive marketing authorisation. It is the National Health Service (NHS) responsibility to decide whether the additional cost of purchasing these medicines is justified by the likely benefit to patients. For this reason, a multi-disciplinary activity known as the health technology assessment (HTA) has been created. In the UK, HTA mainly focuses on the clinical and cost-effectiveness of new medicines.
Since the discovery of cisplatin, thousands of platinum complexes were evaluated, but only five were approved. Consequently, more than 10000 compound need to be screened so as to get a novel and more effective anticancer drug than cisplatin with the aid of inorganic or coordination chemistry. Solubility, reactivity, electronic and steric effects, and the configuration of metal complexes can be controlled by modifying the metal to other transition metal such as Pd and Ni or the ligand around the metal atom which has been reported that both the metal and the ligand can determine the biological activity. Hopefully we can find more efficient drugs that may contain much less side effects than cisplatin, as well as solve the problem of overcoming drug resistance of some cancers to cisplatin.
day it is the scourge of the underground drug community, and the focal point of
They have a larger surface area in proportion to their volume. This enables them to interact with different types of biological systems and provides a wide variety of possibilities (Nuruzatulifah, Nizam, & Ain, 2015). The nanoparticles can be seen by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When there is one nanoparticle, it is called a primary particle. When there is more than one, it is called a secondary particle. In order to measure these particles, they need to be suspended in a solution (Pruneanu, Coros & Pogacean, 2015). Dyed nanoparticles or internally fluorescent nanoparticles barely interact with cellular proteins which is what the study requires. They are also quite easy to manipulate. They can be easily internalized into cells and can be programmed to go to specific sites (Wolbeis,
In today's world, the subject of abortion is a very controversial issue. Some people are totally decided on pro-life or pro-choice, but most are somewhere in between and have mixed feelings. Abortion has been a very important issue since the early 1980's when the topic started to gain popularity. Since then, horrible things have happened to put abortions in the hot seat. There have been bombings on clinics, murders of abortion doctors, and protests that have turned violent. There should be a more discrete and private way to have an abortion without all those hassles. There has been development of a new pill that can help to cool down some heated abortion issues. The new pill is called the RU-486, or commonly referred to as the morning after pill. If the new pill is made legal, it can create a private way for women to have an abortion without having a surgical procedure done, and the pressures of the surrounding world would not be there influencing their decisions.
Throughout many generations the success of medicine has been dog-eared throughout history, from penicillin being created through colonized bacteria on an agar plate to chemotherapy being used to combat the ailments of cancer, we as a society rely a great deal on the effectiveness of medicine. Due to this realization one can agree that it is imperative that the medications that are being distributed and placed on the pharmaceutical market are tested and analyzed at all angles and perspectives to ensure they work effectively and successfully resulting in moderate to no side effects. The progressive industry of medicine has greatly increased since the early nineties thanks to the advancement in medical technology making
For my final paper I chose to write about the treatment of HIV and AIDS. At first I will explain what HIV and AIDS are, what they can do to your body and how to get infected. After that I will outline what the pros and the cons of HIV and AIDS treatments are.
The topic of this article is medication error related to chemotherapy drugs. Forty percent of medication errors have been related to chemotherapy drugs. It is imperative that the nurses are properly trained on these medications and fully understand what is being administered before giving it to the patient as well as know what the proper dose is before administering anything to the patient. More importantly the nurse must pay close attention to their patient’s response to the chemotherapy given to the patient or it could lead to a serious injury or death.
“Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), which can occur during the birth processor during breastfeeding.” There is no cure for HIV or AIDS but over time different types of medications have been developed that slows down the advancement of the disease. AIDS is a lethal disease that is caused by HIV. HIV destroys the immune system and causes the body to not be able to fight off any diseases.
Very recently, the efficient green methodology for the synthesis of substituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines 5.7, by utilising 2-aminopyridine, cyclohexane carbaldehyde 5.8 and 2-phenylacetaldehyde 5.9 under admicellar catalysis by sulphur nanoparticles (Scheme
Accutane is a prescription medication used for treating severe acne. Being a teenager is hard enough without having to deal with the embarrassing issues that come with acne. Many people can suffer from acne. It affects teenagers and sometimes adults as well. Some cases are very severe and can even result in scarring. The scarring is usually a permanent disfigurement that can follow a teenager into adulthood. In most cases peoples’ acne is not very bad. People with mild acne cases usually seek treatment from over the counter topical crèmes or gels. Some people resort to using a low grade prescription antibiotic to keep their acne under control. For most, this is a simple resolution. However, for people with more severe outbreaks, there is a solution. This solution that is available has many advantages and disadvantages.
HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce.
Research done by Figueroa et al. (2013) has turned up an advance in the method of non-viral gene delivery utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNP). In their work they have developed an exceptionally efficient way of transfection by experimentally improving certain desirable traits of the gold nanoparticle polyamidoamine (AuPAMAM) c...
Nano-technology is a revolution in almost all disciplines of life today. Nanotechnology approaches the manipulation of matter at atomic and molecular level. This technology, which deals with matter in nano-dimensions, has widened our views of poorly understood health issues and provided novel means of diagnosis and treatment. Dentistry, not being an exception, also faces major revolutions to constantly provide better and more comfortable dental care to patients. Researchers in the field of dentistry have explored the potential of nano-particles in existing therapeutic modalities with moderate success. The important application in the field of dentistry
Nanotechnology has found many potential applications in the area of functional foods by engineering biological molecules toward functions very different from those they have in nature, opening up a whole new area of research and development.