CAUSES
Though we do not know the exact cause of most osteosarcomas, it is known that the development of malignant tumors has to do with the mutation of tumor-suppressor genes, p53 or RB1 (Zheng et al.). Those DNA mutations can either be inherited or may be acquired (Cancer.org). If the DNA mutation is inherited, then the mutation is a germline mutation. A person who inherits this type of mutation will have such in all DNA, and pass it on to their offspring. Even with a hereditary mutation, it does not guarantee the occurrence of cancer; it simply means that they are at higher risk. If the mutation is not inherited, it may be acquired, through environmental circumstances or spontaneously. If an acquired mutation occurs, it will not affect DNA of the whole body, and will not be passed on to offspring, as it is a somatic mutation. Though there may not be a direct cause of osteosarcoma, there are associated risk factors – both heritable and environmental.
Knowledge of the risk factors of osteosarcoma and their extent is limited. Still, there are a few risk factors that the scientific world seems to agree have some role in the cancer’s development. One possible heritable risk factor is height. One study suggests that individuals who are “taller than average” or “very tall” have an increased risk of osteosarcoma, respectively (Mirabello et al.). This same study also focused on birth-weight, another heritable factor, finding a correlation between increased birth-weight and risk for osteosarcoma (Mirabello et al.). The study boasts a fairly large study, with 1,067 cases for height and 434 cases for birth-weight data, claiming the “largest analysis of height at diagnosis and birth-weight in relation to osteosarcoma” (Mirabello et al.)....
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...n therapy can be more localized; only parts of the body then are subject to the harsh treatment. Unfortunately, osteosarcomas are not easily killed by radiation.
Prognosis of osteosarcoma varies, just as any cancer, depending on the location of the tumor, and whether or not it has metastasized. If the cancer is localized, a 60-80% five-year survival is estimated. If the cancer has metastasized to only the lungs, or if all tumors can be removed through surgery, a 40% five-year survival is estimated. However, if the osteosarcoma has spread to other organs, limbs and such, a much lower five-year survival rate is estimated at about 20% (Cancer.org). Research shows that age doesn’t have a significant effect on prognosis.
Osteosarcoma is a very rare cancer so research is limited. Still, it’s a cancer that effects real people and is therefore worth paying attention to.
There are many different diseases that can affect our skeletal system and Osteoporosis is one of them. Osteoporosis lessens bone strength and bone density (amount of bone mineral in bone tissue), which will lead to fragile bones. It mainly affect the hips, ribs, spine, and wrists. Male or female, at any age, can get this but it is mostly occurs in older women (Team, 2016). Osteoporosis is very common, there are more than 3 million cases a year. There are many causes/risk factors, symptoms, and some treatment cases. About 54 million Americans have Osteoporosis and low bone mass (Foundation, 2016).
There are essentially three main types of cancer treatments; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Surgery allows doctors to effectively remove tumors from a clear plane. Chemotherapy uses drugs to treat the tumor; but often the drugs affect other healthy cells in the process. Using radiation as a treatment can be either precise or vague. Many health stigmas can come from the vague forms of radiation or conventional radiation therapy. Conventional radiation treats both the unhealthy and healthy cells, therefore exposing healthy cells to harmful radiation (Radiation Oncology, 2011, p.6). When healthy cells are exposed to gamma radiation they are also exposed to ionizing radiation. The ionization can cause “breakage of chemical bonds or oxidization (addition of oxygen atoms)” in a cell; the main impact of this is on a cell’s DNA, if two strands of DNA break it can result in “mutations, chromosome aberrations, ...
Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply out of control and gradually build a mass of tissue called a tumor. There has been a large amount of research dedicated to the treatment and cure of cancer. Several types of treatments have been developed. The following are just some of the major examples of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, biorhythms, unconventional treatments, and hyperthermia. Each type of treatment is discussed in detail below.
Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone. The bones become weak and brittle and are prone to fractures. A person with osteoporosis can fracture a bone just by hitting a table or turning while in bed. Most people with osteoporosis keep on getting fractures because the weight of the body cannot be supported by the bone and normal body movements, including walking, will strain the bone. This condition arises when the rate of bone growth cannot keep pace with bone loss. Osteoporosis can affect any bone including the hip, wrist or spine.
The environment of those who are diagnosed with prostate cancer is as important as their diet. The uncontrollable development of the tumor occurs when the cells are no longer equalized. Another factor that plays crucial role in the tumor is the family history. Those with a prior family history of prostate cancer, has higher chances of getting this cancer. There are other factors that may involves in developing this tumor. There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body. The process of cancer involve tissues, the lymphatic...
For cancer patients there are several treatment options. Surgery can remove cancerous tumors, chemotherapy uses drugs for treatment, and radiation therapy. The doctor in charge of the patient’s treatment may also choose to use radiation therapy. “Radiation
Peterson, G. M. Lessons from familial cancers. Mid-Atlantic Cancer Genetics Network Newsletter. Fall 1999. http://www.macgn.org/nl13e.html.
Breast cancer can be caused by a variety of factors. Up until recently, many doctors believed breast cancer was strictly related to heredities. Research has shown that a woman whose mother, sister, or daughter has had breast cancer is two to three times more likely to develop the disease (“Breast Cancer Causes…”). Inherited genes mutations can be passed from parents to children, but they don’t make cancer inevitable. The majority of women diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history (Mayo Clinic Staff). Researchers have found a link between breast cancer and a woman’s amount of exposure to estrogen and progesterone over her lifetime. Women who began their period before age 12 or started menopause at an older age are more likely to develop breast cancer (Mayo Clinic Staff). Women who have never had children or had children after age thirty-five are also at greater risk (Mayo Clinic Staff). Any of these situations will alter the hormone levels of a woman’s body. In relation to this risk factor, doctors believe that growing older is one fac...
The cancer cells from gene-mutation. Scientists now know some of the risk factors for lung cancer can cause certain changes in the DNA of lung cells. These changes can lead to not normal cell growth and, sometimes, cancer. DNA is the chemical in each of our cells that makes up our genes and how our cells function. People usually look like their parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects more than how we look; it also can affect our risk for developing certain diseases, including some kinds of cancer like lung cancer etc…Some people inherit DNA mutation from their parents that greatly increase their risk for developing certain cancers.
According to Essentials of Human Disease and Conditions textbook, “The most important prognostic factors are age at diagnosis, size of the primary tumor, and the presence of tissue invasion or metastases. (American Cancer Society, 2012)
There are many identifiable risk factors that are both modifiable, and non-modifiable. The gender of the patient is a major risk factor, as women are more likely to develop osteoporosis. Of the almost 50 million Americans diagnosed with osteoporosis, 80% are women. Females at any age have less bone density than males, but in the mid-30's women experience bone loss at a rate of 1% each year (Berarducci, 2008). Walker (2010) adds to the previous statistics, citing around one out of three women over the age of fifty will have a fracture related to osteoporosis, compared to one in 12 men.
Cancer is a disease that which cells grow and divide uncontrollably. There is breast cancer, lung cancer, cancer, leukemia, bone cancer and a lot others. Bone cancer is a type of cancer that grows in your bones. Usually your bones start to weaken instead of becoming strong like parkinson's disease but as a disease. Bone cancer is a cancerous tumor of the bone that destroys normal bone tissue. Not all bone tumors are malignant, benign not cancerous bone tumors is more common than malignants. Both malignant and benign bone tumors can grow and compress healthy bone tissue. Benign tumors does not spread, or destroys bone tissue, and they aren't a threat to life.
Over the past few decades, cancer has become a very prominent disease. There are many different types of cancer and many different causes of the the disease. Most cancers are caused by a genetic mutation. The most common type occurs when a cell is divided. Proto-oncogenes, which are alleles in normal cells, mutate to form oncogenes.
My grandfather on my mum’s side died of colon cancer, colon cancer is where the body extracts water and salt from solid wastes. Colon cancer happens when out of control cell growth occurs in the large intestine. Colon cancer can be caused through genetics; a genetic predisposition that can be inherited from family members, but most colon cancer occur in people without a family health history.
It is highly important to seek medical attention if bone pain exists for more than 3 days in adults and children. It is highly unlikely for growing pains in children to last longer than 3 days or pain persisting at night. Likewise, for adults, majority of bone pain is due to arthritis. If the cancer spreads to other organs like lungs and spinal cord, there may be troubled breathing or spinal cord compression, which is a medical emergency. So seek prompt medical attention before it is