Theoretical difficulties of Automatic Face Recognition Extensive research has been dedicated to the development of computer algorithms, the advancements in automatic face recognition have led to the development of systems that work at high performance rates in a controlled setting. Although computer AFR systems need not necessarily imitate human face recognition processes, humans often compete with the ability of computer algorithms when it comes to recognizing familiar faces even in highly degraded conditions. Thus, attempting to understand how humans process familiar and unfamiliar faces can provide insight into why machines struggle is some instances and perhaps how they can be improved. Most computer systems strive to achieve high resolution detail in an attempt to be able to discriminate between the subtle differences of individual features. However, even amidst the most advanced systems, sometimes the target image condition is uncontrollably of low quality and the system fails, yet evidence suggests that human face recognition for familiar faces does not always succumb to this obstacle. Burton, Wilson, Cohen and Bruce (1999) examined human face recognition for familiar and unfamiliar faces in poor quality video images. The subjects were shown low quality video sequences containing a face that the participant was either familiar or unfamiliar with. They were later presented with high resolution photos and asked to determine if the people appeared in the clips, all groups scored seen targets significantly higher than non-seen targets, however performance was significantly more accurate for the familiar group. In a subsequent experiment, Burton et al. (1999) further investigated the basis of the familiar face recognition,... ... middle of paper ... ...extraordinary face recognition ability. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 252-257. Searcy, J.H., & Bartlett, J.C. (1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human, Perception and Performance, 22, 904-915. Stephan, B.C.M., & Caine, D. (2007). What is in a view? The role of featural information in the recognition of unfamiliar faces across viewpoint transformation. Perception, 36, 189-198. Tanka, J.W., & Farah, M.J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 225-245. Tolba, A.S., El-Baz, A.H., & El-Harby, A.A. (2006). Face recognition: A literature review. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 19, 319-334. Yip, A.W., & Sinha, P. (2002). Contribution of colour to face recognition. Perception, 31, 995-1003.
...re either out of date or present controversial evidence (Grüter et al., 2008, pg. 82) (Dalrymple, 2010, pg. 2554-2555) (Rossion, 2008). The specific contributions of each structure is highly debated and continuously being researched. It is agreed upon that damage to any combination of these area is necessary and sufficient to produce facial recognition deficits (Rossion, 2008, pg. 424). Common ways to test the activity in the brain when it is processing faces is by using different event related potentials. One such ERP is the N170, which is believed to be particularly more sensitive to faces than to objects (Towler et al., 2012) (Dalrymple, 2010). However, researchers are not convinced that it actually is face specific (Earp, 2013). The p300 is used as well to test how long it takes the brain to recognize a face after being exposed (Towler et al., 2012, pg. 3588).
Biometrics-based authentication applications include workstation, network, and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data protection, remote access to resources, transaction security and Web security (Campbell, 1995). Utilized alone or integrated with other technologies such as smart cards, encryption keys and digital signatures, biometrics are set to pervade nearly all aspects of the economy and our daily lives (Campbell, 1995). Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris, and voice (Campbell, 1995).
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
[19]Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Damasio, A.R., 1995. Double dissociation between overt and covert recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, 425–432.
Sajda P. & Finkle, L.H. (1995) Intermediate Visual Representations and the Construction of Surface Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 267-291.
Biometrics is, “the automated use of physiological or behavioral characteristics to determine or verify identity (biometricgroup.com, 2014).”16 The purpose of the paper is to provide information about different forms of Biometrics. With the ever increasing threat of terrorism at home and abroad, biometrics is emerging as a way to increase security across the world. It is important to point out current issues dealing with Biometrics and how they relate to people that may one day have to use them.
Facial perception is processed in three main areas in the occipitotemporal visual extrastriate cortex. Included in this region are the inferior occipital gyri, lateral fusiform gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus. The lateral fusiform gyrus is involved more with the formation and ideas we associate with identity. The superior temporal sulcus processes changes in the face, such as the position of the mouth to indicate a smile or wrinkling of the forehead to indicate frustration. Researchers pose that the location of the inferior occipital gyri suggests that it provides data to both the lateral fusiform and superior temporal sulcal areas (Haxby & Hoffman 2000). So far, these mechanisms in the brain seem obvious with processing facial recognition input data, but a few other mechanisms that provide cruc...
Face perception is when someone is able to analyze and interpret the face, mainly the human face. In this particular case, the perception is in regards to infants. Recognition is defined in a similar manner. It is when something has been previously seen or heard. Face perception during early infancy (Article 7) by Mondloch, Lewis, Budreau, Maurer, Dannemiller, Stephens, and Gathercoal does a great job explaining young infants face perception and recognition. In this article, the researchers decided to conduct an experiment on newborns, 6-week-olds, and 12-week-olds. They used a standardized method, which was called the Teller Acuity card procedure. This procedure was when an observer did not know what was presented each trial and tried to see if the infants preferred one of the stimuli, or cards, over another. There were five cards in total. Three were the experimental cards and two were the control, or tester, cards. For the experimental cards, one card consisted of a config and its inversion. A config is an outline of a head shape and it has three black dots inside the shape forming a set of eyes and mouth. The inversion is when the “config” is flipped upside down. The second card consisted of a spectrum of a face and its’ amplitude spectrum. The amplitude spectrum was like the opposite. It was a fuzzy spectrum and you couldn’t see a face. The third card consisted of a positive and negative contrast face. One of the faces was a positive contrast and the other face was a negative contrast. For the control cards, these cards were used to test the validity of the card procedure and it tested every age. Both of the cards consisted of wide black and white ...
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
This has become known as the “other-race effect.” A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be that individuals are more frequently in contact with members of their own race, and are consequently better at recognizing faces that look similar to their own. In an analysis of the other-race effect, Meissner and Brigham (2001) found that the amount of interracial contact one impacted this effect, suggesting that the amount contact one has with a certain ethnic group leads to greater recognition. Outside of race, studies have shown that people show a similar effect for faces of a similar age to oneself (Valentine and Endo, 1992). In both experiments of race and age, recognition memory is greater for the “in-group” compared to “out-group” faces, implicating a potential bias towards people similar to
Levinas asserts that the relation to the face is one that is dominated by perception and thus demonstrates the conception of what a person is rather than who a person is, this fundamental ideology stems from an identity logic to the social world. The question of etymologically with regard to the specific hinge word of perception, from the Latin word perceptionem, is the receiving or collection of; and hence in the sense of an identity logic and the associated assumption of chronological time, perception is the expectation of receiving or collecting the individual as what they are aesthetically and physically for example, the nature of a binary logic between male and female. There is a sense of impatience and a desire to identify an individual through categories of traditional attributes that distance and detach each individual from each other, such as what their eye colour is, who else has this eye colour, and whether we can then say that he or she looks like him or her. This expectation of association creates a defined being, one which focuses upon the individual identity a...
Visual Discrimination is “using the sense of sight to notice and compare the features of different items to distinguish one item from another” (NCLD Editorial Team, 2014) http://www.ncld.o...
A common area of perception that many may not think about is the ability to recognize faces. Facial recognition, however, is not consistent from infancy to adulthood but develops throughout an individual’s life. During infancy, the ability to see detail is quite poor compared to the average adult (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2017). When objects are within close distances, studies have shown that infants are able to perceive and detect a few features of the object; this idea can then be related to facial recognition in infants (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2017). The details that infants are able to perceive are associated with contrast in light, especially the difference between dark and light areas. Though this does
There are many different Visual Perception principles in perception. The main principles are Gestalt. Gestalt is a German word meaning 'form' or 'shape'. Gestalt psychologists formulated a series of principles that describe how t...
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.