Signature is one of behavioral characteristics of human that can be used to identify individual. Widely implemented in everyday life, signature has very high social acceptance cite{jain1}. Signature mostly has been used to verify important documents, such as bank checks. However, in many occasions, human eyes cannot distinguish genuine from forgery signatures, that will become a serious problem in security system. Therefore, the necessity of high accuracy automatic signature verification systems is increasing nowadays.
Signature verification is divided into two classes based on the type of acquisition of signature , on-line and off-line signature verification cite{impedovo1}. On-line signature verification uses digital input device, such as digital tablet and digital pen, to acquire data during signing process in the form of sampled signals. On the other hand, off-line signature verification performs static data acquisition using scanner. In this case, the data is represented as images.
The fluctuation of handwriting, the limited number of training data and the difficulty of extracting stable feature of signatures are some problems that must be faced in signature verification. Many works in on-line signature verification have been done in order to find the accurate method cite{jain1,impedovo1,plamondon1}. Among those proposed methods, a lot of researchers have been used $x$ and $y$ positions of signatures directly. However we consider that it is not effective because genuine and forgery signatures have quite similar shape and they result the difficulty of the verification process. To overcome the problem, new signing features related to $x$ and $y$ positions of signature called forward and backward variances of signature are ...
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Kutcher claims, “We haven’t lost romance in the digital age, but we may be neglecting it, in doing so, acquainted art forms are taking on new importance. The power of a handwritten letter is greater than ever. It’s personal and deliberate and means more than e-mail or text ever will. ’’(96)Handwriting is different and unique for each individual. You can look at the letter and judge how much effort a person put into writing it.
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
Min is excellent potter who has many different skills in the novel A Single Shard. A weakness/bad trait that Min has is that he is a perfectionist and works slowly.
Computers are also unique in the way they type and print out things. Document examiners can look over these and establish the similarities in the handwriting, and computer forensic specialists can extract logs and other data from most devices. As you can see
The character Crane-Man in the story A Single Shard shows many different character traits/personalities throughout the story.
By the 19th century, the criminology research scholars have had a keen interest in biometric identification, they hope to combine physical characteristics with criminal tendencies, which resulting in a series of measuring devices, and also collected a large amount of data. Since then, the concept of measuring a person's physical characteristics are finalized, fingerprints also become the identification of international methodological standards for public security agencies. People often debate whether fingerprints have absolutely unique, and also thought that the different countries have the different standard for identifying fingerprints. So far, it is still the most widely methods of public security organs, and the process is also automated.
In July of 1858, the English began using fingerprints when Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, James Herschel came up with the idea of using whole handprints instead of signatures. He took the hand of businessman Rajyadhar Konai, and pressed his hand onto a contract. Herschel claimed the idea was a mere tactic to “frighten him out of all thoughts of repudiating his signature”, and later became a way of signing contracts- only this time just using the index and middle fingers. However, at this time, the prints were not used as a scientific means of identification. It would be a while before the fingerprint collection grew, and then Herschel realized they could be used to prove or disprove identities.
The character gets agitated with all the advertising surrounding him. The terms and conditions are long and tedious; therefore the character does not bother reading them and just signs. As it is the digital world, this would pertain to a website or another digital platform. Therefore, the signature is easily duplicated and used across the entire continent of the US (symbolising people’s use of websites). All the people that the character has been in contact with (digitally) are analysed to a point where the FBI are suspicious of the character’s habits.
The costs of implementing biometrics into security, specifically passports, are enormous. In many instances, cost is much higher than traditional forms of security such as passwords and personal identification numbers.10 Biometrics also puts users...
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
With the swarm of technology, handwriting, a vital skill, may be on the brink of extinction, despite that it is able to create a “model citizen, assimilate immigrants, and even reform juvenile delinquents” (Korper). Believe it or not: handwriting is important. However, the debate about handwriting is still questionable. Handwriting allows for effective memory retention and is an significant and unique action to develop certain regions of your brain (Grossberg). However, handwriting is also outdated and lacks the agility of the keyboard (Korper). Nonetheless, some of these positive aspects of handwriting are largely due to the ‘drill’ factor emphasized in the Palmer Method of handwriting used present day (Korper).
Biometric technology is used for the ways humans can be identified by unique aspects of their bodies, such as fingerprints, body odor, our voices and many more. If one was to think about privacy rights, he/she would be concerned about the widespread adoption of these systems, since such systems could easily be used to develop a record of known rebellious people and/or dangerous criminals, to be used for social control purposes. Although that may seem pretty good and a positive thing for the society, one should take into account of the defects and errors of technology. Of the many biometrics technologies that are being developed and are already developed, facial recognition is one of the most threatening because it can be deployed secretly; one may not know whether or when they can be caught in a surveillance camera for such facial recognition biometrics. Additionally, tests have found that the miscalculations for facial biometrics technologies are very high. As a result, according to Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, innocent people can be erroneously identified as dangerous criminals and actual dangerous criminals and/or suspected terrorists can fail to be detected overall, allowing for a huge injustice and unfairness. Privacy rights concerned with biometrics have sparked a concern and should be dealt with; otherwise, this is just one of the
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.
Rayne, PB, Kulkarni, P, Patil, S & Meshram, BB 2012, ‘Authentication and Authorization:Tool for Ecommerce Security’, Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 150-157.