PICO:“If older adults’ suffering from depression participates in cognitive Behavioral Therapy will they experience a reduction in depressive symptoms versus only receiving medication management?”
Research Question or Hypothesis
Older adults are a growing population and currently make up over 13% of today’s population. “Unfortunately, Depression affects more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans aged 65 years or older” (Duckworth K., 2009). Depression in older persons is directly correlated with disability (Duckworth K., 2009). “The risk of depression increases with age so that 40% of those over 85 are affected” (Duckworth K., 2009). “Depression is a major health problem that affects many older people, causing significant distress and disability, exacerbating existing medical conditions, and resulting in earlier death and higher use of services” (Frazer, Christensen, & Griffith ,2005 ). Depression in older adults differs from younger adults by a different symptoms and bio-psycho-social factors. “Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest” ( Mayo Clinic, 2014 ). “Different forms of depression vary from, major depression, major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems” (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Depression makes it difficult to engage in normal daily chores or activities. According to the American Psychiatric Association, depressed mood and lack of interest are the two core symptoms in late life.
Depression in older adults directly correlates with the onset of chronic illness such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, hypert...
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...K. M. (2005). Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people. Med J Aust, 182(12), 627-32.
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Omidi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Mohammadi, A., & Zargar, F. (2013). Comparing mindfulness based cognitive therapy and traditional cognitive behavior therapy with treatments as usual on reduction of major depressive disorder symptoms. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(2), 142.
Mayo Clinic Staff (2014). Depression: Major Depressive Disorder Definition retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/definition/con-20032977
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy appears to be a new treatment, although its roots can be traced to Albert Ellis’s Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy, published in 1962. Cognitive therapy assumes that thoughts precede actions and false self-beliefs cause negative emotions. It is now known that most depression treatments have cognitive components to them, whether they are recognized or not. In the 1970’s many psychologists began using cognitive components to describe depression. From there, they developed cognitive forms to treat depression with impressive results (Franklin, 2003).
Katon, W., and Sullivan, M. D., (1990) Depression and Chronic Mental Illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, v.51. pgs. 8-19
Mavandadi, S., Ten Have, T. R., Katz, I. R., Durai, U. B., Krahn, D. D., Llorente, M. D., & ... Oslin, D. W. (2007). Effect of Depression Treatment on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adulthood: The Moderating Role of Pain. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 55(2), 202-211. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01042.x
Research on the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for those who are suffering from depression shows that in the short term, the effectiveness is similar in results to medical interventions. However, in treating depression for a long time, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is shown to be successful. The additional information learned from these studies is that use of both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with pharmaceutical intervention has shown some of the better results. There are also the depth of the depression, and other mental health issues to consider before recommending Cognitive Behavioral Therapy first. The type and extent of the depression and other factors will greatly affect how successful the therapy will be. The articles have empirical research discussing Cognitive Behavioral Therapies effectiveness on those with different variables such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status.
Depression is a common mental disorder that affects approximately 350 million people worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2014). At its worst, depression may lead to suicide, with an approximate 1 million deaths per year (WHO, 2014). Since depression is a mood disorder, it can affect many aspects of health, and it may prevent older adults from enjoying life (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010). Older adults living with depression may suffer from sleep disturbances, aches and pains, fatigue, and changes in weight...
5. Williamson, C. Dietary Factors and Depression in Older People. British Journal of Community Nursing, 14:422-426, 2009.
Murray, Bob, and Alicia Fortinberry. "Healing Depression Safely Without Antidepressants." Uplift Program. Wellbeing Magazine, Sept. 2002. Print.
The elderly population which consists of all adults over the age of 65, constituted for 12.3 percent or 35.9 million people of the entire United States population in 2004. Within that population, depression is estimated to affect more than 6.5 million Americans while approximately 10-20 percent of the population is suffering from an anxiety disorder. About half of the seniors suffering from anxi...
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the most extensively tested psychotherapies for depression. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. This paper will provide background information about the intervention, address the target population, and describe program structure and key components. It will also provide examples of program implementation, challenges/barriers to implementing the practice, address how the practice supports recovery from a serious mental illness standpoint and provide a summary. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used. It is thought to be very effective in treating depression in adolescents and adults. CBT is targeted to quickly resolve maladaptive thoughts and behaviors without inquiring greatly into why those thoughts and behaviors occur as opposed to other forms of psychotherapy.
Simpson, C. (2007) ‘Mental Health part3: Assessment and Treatment of Depression’ British Journal of Healthcare assistants. pp 167-171.
Rupke, S., Blecke, D., & Renfrow, M. (2006, January 1). Cognitive therapy for depression. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417069?dopt=Abstract
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Thompson, D. G. (2009 ). Treating Late Life Depression: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach . Oxford University Press .
Late life depression affects about 7 million Americans 65 and older, but only 10 percent seek out and receive treatment (Depression in the Elderly: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments). Depression symptoms are different for every individual and sometimes the elderly can confuse mental illness to be side effects of medications they are currently taking. Medications such as steroids, benzodiazepines, and beta blockers may cause symptoms of depression. Also end of life changes such as loss of independence, being alone, and grief from a loss of a spouse are commonly linked to depression of the elderly. As individuals grow in age, neurotransmitters associated with well-being and happiness such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine begins to diminish (Elderly Depression: Depression and
Both younger adults and older adults are susceptible to mental health issues such as depression. Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized with changes in feelings and thoughts such as sadness and worthless. There are several risk factors that can contribute to depression including stressful events such as death of a friend or partner and chronic illness (WWK p.256). Although the prevalence of depression is lower in older adults, many older adults report symptoms of depression that are different than younger adult symptoms. For example, young adults may feel guilty and have suicidal thoughts while older adults may experience physical symptoms such as pain (WWK p.255). Differences in symptoms of depression in both groups and