As can be seen in the next figure, the prefrontal cortex is intertwined with the entire
brain’s operations and therefore the whole body. The red/pink lines show the interaction of dopamine neurotransmitters and receptors and even though dopamine is not shown to connect directly to the prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulated cortex and the hippocampus are directly connected and the prefrontal cortex is directly linked to these; therefore, to remove or reduce the dopamine alone could present some definite problems. The prefrontal cortex is thought to be responsible for ideas of self—who we are, what we want to do, and so forth or what is known as executive function. In the early to mid-twentieth century, doctors performed lobotomies
…show more content…
A famous recipient of this procedure who met with less than glamorous results was Rosemary Kennedy ( sister to President John Kennedy) who had a prefrontal lobotomy at the age of 23, in order to calm her mood swings of which the real causes are still unknown, other than to attribute them to her suspected mental retardation. One of the problems with older typical antipsychotics was that they sometimes had the effect of chemical lobotomies in that patients still had their brains but the effects of the medications were that the patients became like zombies because entire sets of neurotransmitters had been dismantled or blocked. As can be seen in Figure 3, negating a neurotransmitter and its receptor would be leaving the brain …show more content…
A., & Lieberman, J. A. (2000, November). Catching up on schizophrenia: Natural history and neurobiology Review. Neuron, 28, 325–334. Retrieved from https://medschool.mc.vanderbilt.edu
McGrath, J. J., & Richards, L. J. (2009, March 9). Why schizophrenia epidemiology needs neurobiology—and vice versa. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 577–581. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp004
National Institute of Mental Health. (2008, September 15). Newer antipsychotics no better than older drug in treating child and adolescent schizophrenia. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Schizophrenia [Pamphlet]. Bethesda, MD: Science Writing, Press & Dissemination Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
National Museum of Australia. (n.d.). Polio: A virulent and incurable disease [Brochure]. Lawson Crescent Acton Peninsula, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia: National Museum of Australia.
Ray, W. A., Chung, C. P., Murray, K. T., Hall, K., & Stein, C. M. (2009, January 15). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 225-235. Retrieved from
Over the last two decades, there have been numerous research studies that link mental health as the foundation for all health, social, organizational and educational recovery (Ormston, 2014; McLaren, Belling, Paul, Ford, Kramer, Weaver, Singh, 2013). The American society and the global world continues to witness catastrophic human induced incidences that often times point to the increasing need to pay attention to the declining state of a global mental health community. Evidence links the interconnectedness of the mind and body and attributes health and social problems direct linkage to inattention to mental health (Rubin, 2014). Despite medical, social and technological advances, we continue to lack understanding of the complexities of the human mind which has further alienated our understanding of ourselves.
The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with the limbic system including the amydala, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Association to the limbic system includes the connection to insular cortex, the parahippocampal regions and the hippocampus (Cavada et al., 2000). The limbic system influences the control of behaviour and emotions in an individ...
RajMohan, V., & Mohandas, E. (2007). The limbic system. Indian Journal of Psychiatry , 49 (2), 132-139.
"NAMI - The National Alliance on Mental Illness." NAMI. National Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d. Web. 01 May 2014.
Wade, C., Tavris, C., Garry, M. (2011). Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
U.S. Public Health Service.(1999). The Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health. Retrieved June,5,2000, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html
Rabin et al. [2005] versus “most common” in Camara et al. [2000]), but it seems that neuropsychologists
Davis, S. F., & Palladino, J. J. (2003). Psychology. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999.
"The Number Count: Mental Disorders in America." www.nimh.nih.gov. National Institutes of Health, 20143. 01 Apr 2014.
Jansari, A. (2010). Cognitive neuropsychology In H. Kaye (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp.59-101), Milton Keynes: The Open University.
Kahn, Ada P., and Jan Fawcett. The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 2nd ed. New York: Facts On File, 2001.
"NAMI - The National Alliance on Mental Illness." NAMI. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2014.
Kessler, Chiu . et. al."The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America."NIMH RSS. National Institute of Mental Health , n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.