1. Abstract
This paper describes a new technique for authenticating handwritten signatures using offline mode. In this technique, every single pixel that belongs to signature is considered. From the signature, every edge points / end points are extracted. These edge points / end points are connected to form a polygonal closed shape. From the polygonal shape, several values can be computed that can serve as structural features that are form factor, circularity measure, rectangularity measure, minimum enclosing rectangle, area and perimeter. These values combine together to make a verification function that can server to discriminate between genuine and forgery signatures.
2. Introduction
Recognizing a person can be done either on the basis of behavioral or physical characteristics in biometric automated methods. There are many behavioral attributes that can be voice, iris, fingerprints, and face recognition. Due to increase in fraud act from forgeries, the need for developing such secure systems for authorizing the right person has increased and these systems needs to be more sensitive to discriminate between genuine and forge person.
Among the different identification methods, the common method used in our society is to identify a person is through handwritten signature because it is an official/formal way for person identification. They are used in government, for attestation, documents authenticity etc. But with its social acceptance it’s demoralized by the forgery to make false transactions. The need is to minimize the forgery threats, research has been done and is still an interesting field for the researchers to minimize forgery signature acceptance.
Automated verificatio...
... middle of paper ...
...n Methods for Off-line Signature Verification”, Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, 2004. IWFHR-9 2004, pages 161–166.
[18] Justino, E., Bortolozzi, F., and Sabourin, R. (2005), “A comparison of SVM and HMM classifiers in the off-line signature verification”, Pattern Recognition Letters, 6(9):1377–1385.
[19] ¨Ozg¨und¨uz, E., S¸ent¨urk, T., and Karslıgil, M. (2005), “Off-Line Signature Verification and Recognition by Support Vector Machine”, In European Signal Processing Conference.
[20] Ma, Z., Zeng, X., Zhang, L., Li, M., and Zhou, C. (2007), “A Novel Off-Line Signature Verification Based on Adaptive Multi-resolution Wavelet Zero-Crossing and One-Class-One-Network”, LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, 4493:1077
[21] Srihari, S., Srinivasan, H., Chen, S., and Beal, M. (2008), “Machine Learning for Signature Verification”, Intelligence (SCI), 90:387–408.
Kutcher claims, “We haven’t lost romance in the digital age, but we may be neglecting it, in doing so, acquainted art forms are taking on new importance. The power of a handwritten letter is greater than ever. It’s personal and deliberate and means more than e-mail or text ever will. ’’(96)Handwriting is different and unique for each individual. You can look at the letter and judge how much effort a person put into writing it.
... middle of paper ... ... In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning–IDEAL 2006 (pp. 1346-1357. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
Have you ever seen a dead body? Not many people have, but in The Body Finder Violet does nothing but see them. Violet sees “the girl’s face staring up from beneath the soil” (Derting 4) Ever since Violet has been discovering every dead thing that came across her path. Eventually a serial killer has made its home in her town. Violet has a drive to find the killer to give these girls peace. Violet would give her life to find this killer. She has a drive that no one else can understand. Kimberly Derting is trying to teach us that having a drive is needing to have determination, a need to succeed at any cost.
It is easy to think of biometrics as the future science technology are always happened in some fictions, associated with solar car and clones together. In fact, it has long history that people understood the basic principle and application of the biometric. Thousands of years ago, the people of the Nile basin used the biometric in everyday transactions (such as scarring, skin tone, eye color, height, etc.) for identification. Of course, they had no any automatic electronic identification system, or computer network, but the principle is similar.
In July of 1858, the English began using fingerprints when Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, James Herschel came up with the idea of using whole handprints instead of signatures. He took the hand of businessman Rajyadhar Konai, and pressed his hand onto a contract. Herschel claimed the idea was a mere tactic to “frighten him out of all thoughts of repudiating his signature”, and later became a way of signing contracts- only this time just using the index and middle fingers. However, at this time, the prints were not used as a scientific means of identification. It would be a while before the fingerprint collection grew, and then Herschel realized they could be used to prove or disprove identities.
Any new law or system will have both pros and cons at the point of implementation. Similarly presenting a valid ID in a way prevents voter fraud but also causes trouble to the poor, unsheltered and old aged people as these people cannot pay for the application process and few might not have any supporting information etc., Instead of dodging the problem the government its best if we find a long term resolution. Government could come up with solutions like – issuing special ID cards to the people who do not have supporting documents, collect data by arranging electoral drives in crucial areas and for those who might have genuine logistic issues to get to the government facility, providing call and enroll facility.. With the latest technology, photos, biometrics, scanning of the docs with the high level of security and scrutiny is possible at the fingertips of a smartphone. We might
The costs of implementing biometrics into security, specifically passports, are enormous. In many instances, cost is much higher than traditional forms of security such as passwords and personal identification numbers.10 Biometrics also puts users...
Handwritten notes can be found in places like an individual’s pocket or even in open places like a coffee table. These things can be examined not by just simply looking at them, but rather focusing on their style characteristics and personal characteristics (Fisher, 2012). The difference between the two is that personal characteristics are any changes that are made to style characteristics intentionally and unintentionally. The one that may help investigators determine the identity is personal characteristics. For instance, say an individual puts hearts at the end or beginning of their letters. This could be used to help narrow down the people that it may be, simply because it’s something that not everyone does. The only downside is that the murder may know this is as well and tamper with this in an attempt to throw investigators off track.
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
With the swarm of technology, handwriting, a vital skill, may be on the brink of extinction, despite that it is able to create a “model citizen, assimilate immigrants, and even reform juvenile delinquents” (Korper). Believe it or not: handwriting is important. However, the debate about handwriting is still questionable. Handwriting allows for effective memory retention and is an significant and unique action to develop certain regions of your brain (Grossberg). However, handwriting is also outdated and lacks the agility of the keyboard (Korper). Nonetheless, some of these positive aspects of handwriting are largely due to the ‘drill’ factor emphasized in the Palmer Method of handwriting used present day (Korper).
Speech is the common basic way we communication with each other. The development of voice biometrics is one that emerged to allow a user to input their voice into a computer system. It is a growing technology which provides security in computers. A speech recognition system is designed to assist the user to complete what that person wants to say versus having a person transcribe it. The first step in voice recognition is for the user to be trained and produce an actual voice sample. Through this process sounds, words or phrases are converted in electrical signals and then they are turned into a coding process by the system. The goal of voice recognition is to understand the human spoken voice.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.