The Nuremberg Code

1058 Words3 Pages
bulb-icon

Recommended: Medical ethics case study

Medical and experiment research is important to the society and helped cures disease, cancer and other medical condition to human. But only if the experiments have to be ethical and the participant in the experiment should have the right to choose to continue in the experiment or research. In today medical world it would be very difficult for the science and the general community to accept any research or treatment similar to the Nazi physicians causes death to thousands of individual being test and subject to these research and development. The past of unethical research has created the framework of “Nuremberg Code” and “The declaration of Helsinki”, The Belmont Report to protect and avoided painful, death and unnecessary to human, animal. The research must be helpful and help to cure disease and must contribute a value to the peoples.
These experiment and test on human and animal are extremely in-humane. These researches are extremely risky and possible damage to the person and some extreme experience could cause endless effect on them. One of the most interesting articles about these researches is “Ethics in Clinical Research a History of Human Subject Protections and Practical Implementation of Ethical Standards” by David Perlman, Ph.D. and Glaxo Smith Kline. The article states about ethical regulation and past practice inhumane to peoples. There are several different research method the research can be conduct if there proper technology and guidance with advance technology, human could test subject on another items, such as tree, plan and etc. However after review about these articles, it has become difficult to understand the real reason behind these experiments is being conduct and test.
Discuss about “The Nuremberg Code” ...

... middle of paper ...

...ces about “the natural progression of syphilis”. The experiment on “collecting data” was exposing by “The New York Times” during 1972. Originally the research was only supposed to last for a few months, however the data was very important to the physician therefore they continued the experiment. However in 1940 the researcher refused to provided penicillin to the men. The main purpose of this research was to collect data, the individual was chosen to participates are mainly not educated and they do not have a good condition of living. These men are from the state of Alabama, in the city of Tuskegee. The researcher refused to provide “penicillin” treatment for the men. This action represent unethical to the individual being observed. Even those they are not harming the individual, but withheld treatment when is available is considered unethical for the researcher.

Show More
Related

  • Tuskagee Syphilis Experiment Essay

    931 Words  | 2 Pages

    In 1932 the United States Public Health Services was responsible for monitoring, identifying, ways to treat sexually transmitted diseases in all US citizens. Public health service was sponsored by Rosenwald Fund; identified Macon County, Alabama had the highest rate of male population infected with the Syphilis. So the Tuskegee Institute was approached to study the effects of untreated syphilis on a black male population for duration of six to nine months and then follow-up with a treatment plan. The research was led by Dr. Taliafero Clark, six hundred Macon County men, 399 with syphilis and 201 who weren’t infected, were enrolled to be part of the study.

    Read More

  • Deadly Deception: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

    793 Words  | 2 Pages

    Based on the video Deadly Deception the following essay will analyze and summarize the information presented from the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment. The legal medical experimentation of human participant must follow the regulation of informed consent, debrief, protection of participants, deception or withdrawal from the investigation, and confidentiality; whether, this conducted experiment was legitimate, for decades, is under question.

    Read More

  • The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World by Marcia Angell

    954 Words  | 2 Pages

    Ethical violations committed on underprivileged populations first surfaced close to 50 years ago with the discovery of the Tuskegee project. The location, a small rural town in Arkansas, and the population, consisting of black males with syphilis, would become a startling example of research gone wrong. The participants of the study were denied the available treatment in order further the goal of the research, a clear violation of the Belmont Report principle of beneficence. This same problem faces researchers today who looking for an intervention in the vertical transmission of HIV in Africa, as there is an effective protocol in industrialized nations, yet they chose to use a placebo-contro...

    Read More

  • Summary Of Washington's Medical Apartheid '

    748 Words  | 2 Pages

    Furthermore, these doctors had no legal or ethical codes to conduct experimentations or research on African Americans. For example, during 1998, “172 employees, all but one of them black, sued Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory when they learned that they had secretly been tested for syphilis, pregnancy, and sickle-cell trait without their knowledge that the blood and urine they had supplied during required physical examinations would be tested…” (314). This indicates that there was no consent from these blacks and scientists where secretively testing immunities for sickle-cell on them without any permission whatsoever. The release of this experiment was against the Americans with Disabilities Act and these researchers had no right to release information without the patient’s consent. Furthermore, experiments that had no patient’s consent varied from blisters “to see how deep black skin went” to threatening surgeries, sterilization, inoculations, and not tested pharmaceuticals (54). Without consent, all experiments are considered as unethical. A patient’s consent is important because it is huge determination of privacy and respecting the patient’s wishes. Without any consent, it is indicating that patient’s do not have rights about their own privacy, which was against the law during colonial times and in present days. Some ethical guidelines include the right to withdraw from the study

    Read More

  • Film Analysis based on Miss. Evers Boys

    1011 Words  | 3 Pages

    When penicillin was discovered in 1940 and was the only cure for syphilis at that time. The participants form Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment were excluded from many campaigns that were taking place in Macon County, Alabama to eliminate venereal diseases (Person Education, 2007). This experiment lasted forty years and by the end 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis (info please, 2007). The directors of this experiment used ethical, interpersona... ... middle of paper ... ...

    Read More

  • Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay

    1181 Words  | 3 Pages

    A multitude of medical ethics were broken during the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, including lack of informed consent, withholding treatment, and deception. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), “The study was conducted without the benefit of patients’ informed consent.” Also, Yoon shed insight

    Read More

  • The Unethical Issues of the Tuskegee Study

    1719 Words  | 4 Pages

    The U.S. Public Health Service conducted this new experiment study which consisted of 399 men with syphilis and 201 men without syphilis for forty years, from 1932 to 1972. There was a total of six hundred men who participated in this study. In 1932, the Public Health Service collaborated with the Tuskegee Institute, an African American university which was founded by Booker T. Washington. The men that were chosen for this study were illiterate and were sharecroppers from Alabama. The syphilis rate in Macon County was the highest with a 39.8%. The Tuskegee study became morally and ethically wrong when penicillin became available to treat syphilis and was denied to the participants of the study. The study broke many ethical rules. The participants were told that if they participated, they were going to receive free medical care for their “bad blood.” The men were never informed what they were actually being treated for. Unfortunately, these men accepted because they were getting free healthcare and that is what they desired since they were very poor.

    Read More

  • Deadly Deception Summary

    414 Words  | 1 Pages

    The study took advantage of an oppressed and vulnerable population that was in need of medical care. Some of the many ethical concerns of this experiment were the lack of informed consent, invasion of privacy, deception of participants, physical harm, mental harm, and a lack of gain versus harm. One ethical problem in this experiment was that the benefits did not outweigh the harm to participants. At the conclusion of the study there were virtually no benefits for the participants or to the treatment of syphilis. We now have

    Read More

  • Judgment at Nuremberg

    477 Words  | 1 Pages

    Judgment at Nuremberg The Nuremberg trials took place between 1945 and 1949 and were used to judge the acts of over a hundred judges accused of committing war crimes. The movie "Trials at Nuremberg" dealt specifically with the justice trials. The justice trials adjudicated the criminal responsibility of judges accused of enforcing immoral, unjust, and inhumane laws set by the Nazi party. =

    Read More

  • Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment by James H. Jones

    1728 Words  | 4 Pages

    The book BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT by James H. Jones was a very powerful compilation of years of astounding research, numerous interviews, and some very interesting positions on the ethical and moral issues associated with the study of human beings under the Public Health Service (PHS). "The Tuskegee study had nothing to do with treatment … it was a nontherapeutic experiment, aimed at compiling data on the effects of the spontaneous evolution of syphilis in black males" (Jones pg. 2). Jones is very opinionated throughout the book; however, he carefully documents the foundation of those opinions with quotes from letters and medical journals. The book allowed the reader to see the experiment from different viewpoints. This was remarkable because of the initial feelings the reader has when first hearing of the experiment. In the beginning of the book, the reader will see clearly there has been wrong doing in this experiment, but somehow, Jones will transform you into asking yourself, "How could this happen for so long?"

    Read More

  • Ethical Conduct in Human Research

    1461 Words  | 3 Pages

    The medical researchers of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study failed to gain the proper informed consent by explaining to the subjects they had a diagnosis of syphilis. Rather, the researchers decided to deceive the men to believe they were receiving special treatment from the US Public Health Service for their “bad blood”.... ... middle of paper ... ...

    Read More

  • Emmanuel Kant's Ethical Ethics: The Tuskegee Syphilis Case

    847 Words  | 2 Pages

    The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which aimed to figure out at long-term effects of untreated syphilis by studying 400 African American men who had the disease, began in 1932 . The study took place over several decades without any intervention despite the rise in Penicillin as a treatment in the 1950s . If administered, the medication could have saved the subjects from a great deal of pain and suffering. None of this information came to light until the 1970s when the study was published and despite the obvious ethical oversights, even when an investigation was opened, important questions of the researchers were never asked and documents that would have exposed the problems with the study were never pursued . The case is particularly egregious when analyzed through the lens of Emmanuel Kant’s ethics philosophy. Due to Kant’s focus on the concept of the Categorical Imperative, which postulates that for an action to be considered moral it must be universally moral, Kant would consider the Tuskegee case to be unethical because of the blatant dishonesty, lack of informed consent, and withholding of

    Read More

  • Clinical trials

    652 Words  | 2 Pages

    In December 1946, the War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg indicted 20 Nazi physicians and 3 administrators for their willing participation in carrying out the harmful research on unwilling human subjects. Thus, Nuremberg code was the first international code for the ethics to be followed during human subject research. It was permissible medical experiments implemented in August 1947. The code also provides few directives for clinical trials (3). Syphilis study at Tuskegee in 1974 was the most influential event that led to the HHS Policy for Protecti...

    Read More

  • Should Animals be Used for Scientific Research?

    1711 Words  | 4 Pages

    Every year, millions of animals experience painful, suffering and death due to results of scientific research as the effects of drugs, medical procedures, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products. Basically, animal experimentation has played a dominant role in leading with new findings and human advantages. Animal research has had a main function in many scientific and medical advances in the past decade and is helping in the understanding of several diseases. While most people believe than animal testing is necessary, others are worried about the excessive suffering of this innocent’s creatures. The balance between the rights of animals and their use in medical research is a delicate issue with huge societal assumptions. Nowadays people are trying to understand and take in consideration these social implications based in animals rights. Even though, many people tend to disregard animals that have suffered permanent damage during experimentation time. Many people try to misunderstand the nature of life that animals just have, and are unable to consider the actual laboratory procedures and techniques that these creatures tend to be submitted. Animal experimentation must be excluded because it is an inhumane way of treat animals, it is unethical, and exist safer ways to test products without painful test.

    Read More

  • Unethical Experiments

    1373 Words  | 3 Pages

    ...to find out something when they use children. The Tuskegee experiment exhibit how cruel researcher can also be, and how racial society was in 1932. The experiments show what can happen without regulations. There should be values and regulations to guide research in these experiments. Concluding, some experiments have the tendency to destroy the lives of the humans that have been experimented on.

    Read More

More about The Nuremberg Code

Open Document