Immuno-toxicity:
It is defined as a condition where an immunotoxin adversely affects immune system. An Immunotoxin is a human made protein which consists of protein linked to a toxin. The protein acts in “targeting” specific cells, which are killed when the protein binds to such cells and the toxin is taken in through a process called “endocytosis”. Immunotoxicity comprises direct toxicity to components of the immune system, resulting in suppressed function or inadvertent stimulation.
The immune system consist of complex network of cells and soluble mediators that interact in a highly regulated manner to generate immune responses, consequently inappropriate immune responses might lead to allergic and auto immune diseases.
NSAIDs:
NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions in different measures. They act mainly on peripheral pain mechanisms and do not cause physical dependence or depress CNS. Although the risk of adverse effects from NSAIDs increases with long term usage, they are a reliable and effective treatment for control of moderate pain. The most common NSAIDs are aspirin, phenylbutazone, diclofenac, paracetamol, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen.
Few NSAID`s and there structures:
Aspirin
Uses: Besides, having regular antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects, it is believed to have antioxidant effects (Ataollah, 2011) via its ability to scavenge-OH radicals.
Ibuprofen:
Uses: Migraine treatment (Evers, 2011)
Paracetamol:
Uses: Most common household drug
Mechanism:
There are different types of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes i...
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...Early Pregnancy Linked to Risk for Miscarriage, Canadian Medical Assosciation Journal, 110454.
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The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
... immune system. The body’s immune system is beneficial to rid of illness and foreign invader our body note to be a threat such as parasite, virus, or bacteria but sometimes it can also reacts to a harmless substance. As a result to protect out immune system, the body manufacture a protective protein barrier called antibodies. This protective agent exhibit swelling and inflammation of tissues whenever an allergic reaction occurs as a response to eliminate the threat (Burks, Harthoorn,Van Ampting, Oude Nijhuis, Langford, Wopereis, & Harvey, 2015). In addition, the anatomical systems of babies are still developing in the sense that, they have small, sensitive airways in their lungs. In a situation of allergy contact, the airways become swollen as a result to rid virus and bacteria; and in response, babies start to cough, sneeze and can progress to wheezing and asthma.
The range of medications from anti-inflammatory to opioids is extreme, and have different effects on the human body. Medical professionals have to make the decision whether to give a patient a lower grade pain management drug or a higher grade drug, and they are the ones who have to determine how much pain the patient truly is in when most of a patient 's pain in unseen to the physical eye. “Pain as a presenting complaint accounts for up to 70% of emergency department visits, making it the most common reason to seek health care. Often, it is the only reason patients seek care,” and with this knowledge health care professional need to treat each patient equally in the sense that they are the emergency room or a physician 's office for a reason, and that reason is to relieve the pain they are in (American College of Emergency Physicians Online). The article from the American College of Emergency Physicians continues on to say that, “it is the duty of health care providers to relieve pain and suffering. Therefore, all physicians must overcome their personal barriers to proper analgesic administration,” this is in regards to medical professional who are bias toward specific patients, such as “frequent flyers” or even patients of certain class standing; no matter what their patient may look like or be like they must be treated equally and
Whenever pain or a headache is felt people will immediately reach for the bottle of Aspirin they have in their medicine cabinet. For many years this has been the solution to any pain a person feels. As much as Aspirin will help to cure symptoms of pain it may also being doing the body harm. More and more studies have brought many harmful side effects to the surface. The question now comes into play of if Aspirin is actually doing more harm than good.
Osteoarthritis is not a curable condition, but it can be treated using both pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. Mild analgesics are a common form of treatment for OA, including Acetaminophen and NSAIDs, taking into consideration other co-morbidities that may be present. It is recommended that adults over 75 years of age utilize topical NSAIDs rather than oral for treatment of the pain (Tugwell et al, 2012). Research by A...
...h an upset stomach, menstrual cramps; I was also told that it would help my sleep at night. Another popular oil is tea tree, I have had personal experiences with this and by putting it on my acne I have seen a dramatic effect with my skin and a reduction of acne. Tea tree oil is also good for burns and ear infections. Peppermint oil is also popular for indigestion as well as mint teas. These each have specific parts of the body that they heal and take affect too.
Arthur, G.R., Foote, G., Page, C., Scott, J.S., Thornton, J.G., Tovey, L.A. 1989. Efficacy and Long Term Effects of Antenatal Prophylaxis with Anti-D Immunoglobulin. British Medical Journal. V. 298 (6689). Pg. 1671-1673.
...g of the immune system during adolescence. Numerous studies have been executed that both supports portions of this statement and negates sections as well. However, the studies that negate some portion generally fortifies the theory as a whole. For example, even with proper training of the immune system, tolerance was not achieved due to atopic individuals. These individuals are genetically predisposed to certain antigens thus sufficient training would not take place. Fortunately, methods for training of the immune system are under way. Immunotherapy has been implemented before that has completely rerouted the immune system of an individual from a T helper 2 response to a T helper 1 response. Allergies may be on the rise due to society's ideals of hyper-clean environments, but implementation of sufficient immune system training will deter the extremes of allergies.
Using the immune system to treat and prevent diseases is not a new concept, before the immune system was fully understood one doctor made some startling observations in the late 1800. William ...
The major concepts deduced from the hypothesis fall under three categories: (1) multimodal intervention, (2) attentive care, and (3) patient participation. Multimodal intervention includes the concepts of potent pain medication, pharmacological adjuvants, and non-pharmacological adjuvants. Attentive care relates to the assessment of pain and side effects and intervention along with reassessments. Patient participation includes goal setting and patient education. The resulting outcome of these three categories working together is the balance between analgesia and side effects.
Corticosteroids are the only treatment that suppresses the inflammation in asthmatic airways; this action underlies the important improvement in asthma symptoms and prevention of exacerbations.
It also helps to normalize menstrual cycle and it increases the rate of spontaneous ovulation and may improve hirsutism. (7) (5) (4)
IN CONCLUSION, we can say that stress produces hormones (particularly glucocorticoids) which have a negative impact on the immune system when our bodies are exposed to them for a long period of time. However, when our immune system is exposed to particular stressors for a shorter period of time it may actually have a positive effect on our immune system and actually give it a “boost”. Stress in general has a major effect on our cytokines, natural killer cells and our T-lymphocytes, as they are most sensitive to the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids. The Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor is one of the main reasons why our immune systems become hypersensitive to any allergens, when our bodies produce glucocorticoids. Stress therefore does have quite a large effect on our immune system and our body’s ability to fight disease.
Patients who usually have allergies suffer from many symptoms due to the allergic reaction(s). Normally, your immune system protects you against invading agents such as bacteria and viruses. Otherwise harmless allergens (allergy-producing substances) cause your body to react as if they were dangerous invaders. In effect, your immune system is responding to a false alarm.
Pier, G. B., Lyczyak, J. B., & Wetzler, L. M. (2004). Immunology, infection, and immunity. USA: ASM Press.