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Compare the health care systems of developing and developed countries
Health care systems around the world
Health care systems around the world
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Newborn Mortality Rates in Ghana and the United States Today Introduction It is frequently been suggested that the infant mortality rate (IMR) is a reliable indicator of a country's civilization and focus on the welfare of its citizens (Berger 2001). Although global infant mortality rates has shown steady improvement over the past century, many developing countries continue to experience inordinately high rates compared to the world levels; surprisingly, though, even the United States which claims to have one of the best healthcare systems in the world continues to experience relatively high infant mortality rates, higher even than many developing nations (Berger 2001). This paper will provide an overview of the problem, followed by an examination of the infant mortality rates in the Republic of Ghana and the United States. A summary of the research will be provided in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Background and Overview. Infant mortality reflects the well-being of entire populations, whether nations or subgroups, a fact that makes it a fundamental area of mortality study (Zopf 1992). According to Berger (2001), infant mortality has been subdivided into three major categories to clarify understanding of risk factors. Infant mortality encompasses two subgroups: neonatal (birth to 27 days) and postneonatal (28 days to 364 days). Child mortality applies to one-to-18 years olds. For the purposes of this investigation, the IMR will employ the definition provided by the CIA World Factbook, defined as infant deaths within the first year of life. This IMR therefore provides the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. Worldwide, rates of infant mortalit... ... middle of paper ... ...a/ publications/factbook/. Osei-Kwasi, Mubarak; Dunyo, S.K.; Koram, K.A.; Afari, E.A.; Odoom, J.K.; and F. K. Nkrumah. (2001). Antibody response to 17D yellow fever vaccine in Ghanaian infants. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(11):1056. Rowe, P. (1989). Preventing infant mortality: An investment in the nation's future. Children Today, 18, 16-20. Smith, Jason B.; Fortney, Judith A.; Wong, Emelita; Amatya, Ramesh; Coleman, Nii A.; and Joseph de Graft Johnson. (2001). Estimates of the maternal mortality ratio in two districts of the Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(5):400-9. Zopf, Paul E., Jr. Mortality Patterns and Trends in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. Zylke, J. W. (1989). Maternal, child health needs noted by two major national study groups. JAMA, 261, 1687-1688.
Malawi is one of the world’s poorest countries, ranking 160th out of 182 countries on the Human Development Index. Malawi has extremely low life expectancy and high infant mortality which couldn’t be controlled yet. It’s one of least developed nations in the world; however, some of improvements have
The disparities may be attributed to the amount of prenatal care that pregnant women of different ethnicities receive. In 1996, 81.8% of all women in the nation received prenatal care in the first trimester--the m...
Two-thirds of infants die during the first month of life due to low birth weight (Lia-Hoagberg et al, 1990). One reason for this outcome is primarily due to difficulties in accessing prenatal care. Prenatal health care encompasses the health of women in both pre and post childbearing years and provides the support for a healthy lifestyle for the mother and fetus and/or infant. This form of care plays an important role in the prevention of poor birth outcomes, such as prematurity, low birth weight and infant mortality, where education, risk assessment, treatment of complications, and monitoring of fetus development are vital (McKenzie, Pinger,& Kotecki, 2012). Although every woman is recommended to receive prenatal health care, low-income and disadvantaged minority women do not seek care due to structural and individual barriers.
The American continent is divided in 3 regions: North America, Central America and South America. This last region counts with many countries that have a high adult and child mortality rate. For the purpose of this paper I selected Ecuador has the country with one of the highest number in mortality rate. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), the mortality rate for child under 5 years old was 23 per 1000 births and for adults the probability of dying between 15 to 60 years old was for males 162 and females 89 per 1000 births.
In 1960 America was ranked 12th in the infant mortality rate among all other nations in the World and by 2005 we were ranked 30th. The United States distributes more vaccines to infants t...
First, I will give out some statistics of infant mortality rates in America. According to an Amnesty International report, two maternal deaths occur every day for African-American women. Even though 99% of birth-related deaths happen in developing countries, these numbers for African American women in a country with world renowned health facilities are discouraging.
Sorensen, J., & Abbott, E. (2004). The Maternity and Infancy Revolution. Maternal & Child Health Jounal, 8(3), 107-110. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=14089739&site=ehost-live
As a first world country American infants should have a seemingly better start at life than many other countries. In recent decades America has made a strident effort in the progress towards lower Infant mortality rates resulting in a decline from 12.1-6.2 ( ). However, there is a concerning disparity between white American babies and black American babies in terms of infant mortality. The current Infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic white women is 5.11 deaths per 1,000 births. For Non-Hispanic black women the rate is 11.42 deaths per 1,000 births.. A high rate of infant mortality is seen equally in African Americans across the strata of the racial group showing no prejudice to SES, education, and other intrinsic factors such as education or access to health care. African American infant mortality rates are a severe social disparity in modern America as compared to other minority and non-minority groups regardless of SES, educational status, and age. This alarmingly oppositional data is both puzzling and startling to public health professionals and doctors alike as they attempt to determine a direct cause for such a devastating disparity
The population of Szwarcwald’s study was the 24 “administrative regions” that compose the city, which were used as the geographical units. Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System compiled by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The author’s finding were illustrated using maps of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, the geographical distribution of the homicide rate and number of neonatal intensive care beds in the city, and an administrative Region Factor Scores graph was presented. Sastry’s (2004) study was based on data from the survey (questionnaire) component of the Brazilian population censuses that were conducted in 1970, 1980 and 1991 (households were selected). Information was collected from this data set on housing conditions and demographic, social, and economical characteristics of each resident. From this the author constructed an index of child mortality for each mother using the techniques proposed by Trussell and Preston in 1982. Pinto (1997) based his writing on observed trends perceived from government records of demography and population in
March Dimes Foundation: Pregnancy and Newborn Health Education Center. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.com/materials/teenage-pregnancy.pdf
I first considered a public health career when I interned at the Ghana Health Service Family Health Department as an undergraduate student. Participating in national meetings focused on strategies to reduce maternal mortality in Ghana, I recognized that, in order to create sustainable advances, it is crucial to address the underlying social inequalities that exacerbate adverse health outcomes. To advance this goal, I am seeking admission into the Global Health and Population Doctoral Program at the Harvard School of Public Health.
American academy of Pediatrics (AAP), (1999). US Vital Statistics show Death Rates down, Birth Rates up: http://www.aapaorg/advocacy/archives/decvital.htm
The most important indicators of a community’s overall health are maternal, infant, and child health. It deals with the health of women of childbearing age from pre-pregnancy, labor, delivery and the postpartum period and the health of the child prior to birth through the adolescence (McKenzie & Pinger, 2015, p.192). Health data that is collected towards maternal, infant and child health are used to see the effectiveness of disease prevention and health promotion services in a community. Prenatal health care is one of the fundamentals of a safe pregnancy. An infant’s health depends on the mother.
The Millennium Development Goal Report 2013 states that the progress towards achieving the target of reducing maternal mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015 significantly falls short of the set goal and the indices are still poor in the developing countries especially sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations, 2013). The People’s Health Movement (PHM), through its WHO Watch clearly identifies the huge omission of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) in the WHO’s revised strategy on traditional medicine (PHM WHO Watch, 2013). The magnitude of this omission appears to be puzzling owing to the fact that in just about three decades ago the WHO aimed to reduce death of women associated with child bearing through the training of TBAs and promoted their integration into the orthodox health care system. The WHO calls for a collaborative effort in achieving the goal of reducing maternal deaths. Yet, one can insinuate that the TBAs are no longer seen as a resource to be harnessed by public health professionals in addressing the issues associated with childbearing (Langwick, 2011). The ‘friend or foe’ mentality can clearly be observed in a statement made by one of Nigeria’s chief leaders in the fight towards reducing maternal mortality published in Nigeria’s foremost editorial daily newspaper magazine, the Punch. He said that ‘it was no longer acceptable for women to give birth in TBA centres, TBAs were no longer required in labour and delivery because of the availability of enough trained or skilled personnel, and he promised to jail any TBA involved in a maternal death’ (Punch, 2013). As such, it is important for us to critically analyse and evaluate the relevance of TBAs in promoting health from a contemporary global health perspective. I...
Poster, E. (1984). Human Responses to Child Bearing. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 6(3), 99. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.