Illinois Basin Structure
The Illinois Basin lies across Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, and it has a oval like structural depression in southeastern Illinois. The Illinois Basin is classified as an intracratonic basin (Bois and Pelet 1982). The Illinois Basin began as a rift complex which eventually failed, the New Madrid fault is associated with this rifting (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The depositional thickness of the New Albany Shale was strongly affected by the regional down-warping in southeastern Illinois (Lineback 1980). The Illinois basin is separated from the Michigan basin by the Kankakee arch, which is located primarily in Indiana (Nelson 1995). To the South East lies the Cincinnati arch (Nelson 1995). In central and southern Illinois the principle structural feature is the Eastern Interior basin, which is a geosyncline (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The LaSalle anticlinal belt stretches for over 200 miles from above LaSalle Illinois down past the eastern edge of the state of Illinois (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). Faulting can be found throughout the basin and includes the New Madrid Complex (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). Within the New Madrid Complex is the Rough Creek Graben, which extends into the Reelfoot rift (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The Fluorspar Area fault Complex contains the Tolu Arch that strikes northwest (Buschbach and Kolata 1991). The interpretation of the fault type has some discrepancies (Trace 1974). Some interpretations show it as a high-angle normal fault, while others interpret it as a high-angle reverse and strike slip (Trace 1974). The Cottage Grove Fault System is located in Southern Illinois and has many different structures associated with it that include normal, reverse, strike-s...
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Werner-Zwanziger, U., 2005, Thermal Maturity of type II kerogen from the New Albany Shale ased by 13C CP/MAS NMR: Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, v. 27 p. 140-148
Stroud, M.M., Markwort, R.J., and Hepburn, J.C. (2009) Refining Temporal Constraints on Metamorphism in the Nashoba Terrane, Southeastern New England, Through Monazite Dating. Lithosphere, vol. 1, p. 337-342.
The Starved Rock Member of the Saint Peter Sandstone is preserved as a northeast-southwest trending belt of strata that is ...
Sedimentary rock from the older Silurian Period is further from the river banks (Geological map of Victoria, 1973). Mudstone, inter-bedded shale and greywacke depositions indicate the Maribyrnong River may have previously taken a different shape, and younger sediments have replaced the older sediments in more recent geological periods.
The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450 square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man’s activities are not helping the issues, but clearly humans are not the initial cause, biological activity can be in fact an adiitional cause for its movement. A brief description of the type of fault and its relationship with the strata and the faults beneath the Houston area, are at depths of 1,000 to 4,000 m. They have been well-defined through the study of well logs and seismic lines. Studies have resuted in assumuptions that some of these subsurface faults penetrate younger sediments at shallower depths, and contain faults that have of set the present land surface to produce recognizable scarps. (Gabrysh)
Tectonic plate movement can occur as close as two and up to 450 miles below the Earth’s surface. According to the Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana’s fault lines are further underground than those in California and Alaska, causing more minor quakes in the Midwest. However, Hoosiers should heed the recent earthquake as a warning for future quakes. Earthquakes can and do happen in Indiana, and almost anywhere else in the world. This is the one natural disaster that people cannot avoid no matter their location on Earth. And, being unprepared can have devastating results.
Most of Arizona’s earthquakes are associated with the San Andreas fault as most of Arizona’s earthquakes are shocks from epicenters located in California. Arizona has had earthquakes with epicenters located in its borders and just like the ones located near the San Andreas fault, they are linked to a transform plate boundary and are dip-slip earthquakes. Much of the focus of these earthquakes can be centered around the Grand Canyon as much of the after-effects of these earthquakes caused phenomenons to occur in the Grand Canyon. Many rockslides took place in the Grand Canyon and plenty of the cracks found in the canyon’s rock layers are attributed to some of the earthquakes that took place in Arizona since the geologic landscape formed its current
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The purpose of this paper is to explain and highlight different aspects of the Powder River Basin to include paleogeography, stratigraphy, maturation history of organic material, vitrinite reflectance data, sulfur content, both historical and current production data, as well as the environmental impact in the basin.
This area is known as the Permian Basin. Most of the oil is being produced from rocks
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The Don Valley Brickwork consists of many different layers of geological deposits, allowing us to observe and have a better understanding of how the sediments we see today are formed. The most bottom layer in the Brickworks are from the Georgian Bay Formation, and consists of grey- shale bedrocks. Fossils are often found in this layer and it is estimated that this deposit of sediments is around 445 million years old. Above the bedrocks is a thin layer of grey clay sand and gavels left behind by the Illinoian Glacier. This layer is called the York Till and occurred around 135,000 years ago. The next layer consists of a sandy deposit called the Don Formation, which is formed by the Sangamonian Interglacial Stage. Many plant and animal fossils are found in this layer due to warmer climate around 120,000 years ago. Above it lies the Scarborough Formation, which consist of clay and sand. This sediment likely occurred 115 - 106,000 years ago. The next layer above is the Poetry Road Formation, and consist of sand and gravel. This layer is likely formed during the early Wisconsin glacial substage around 106- 75,000 years ago. Higher is the Sunnybrook Drift which was formed 60 – 75,000 years ago. And on the surface, is the Halton Till, which was left behind by the final push of the Wisconsin Glacier.
P.Wellman, Ian McDougal,(1974),Cainozoic igneous activity in Eastern Australia, Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU Canberra, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,pg 52
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2014). Burgess Shale Fossil Specimens. Retrieved May 2014, from http://paleobiology.si.edu/burgess/burgessSpecimens.html
Due to the fact that rocks are composed of high intensity of elastic and brittle material, they therefore store considerable amount of strain energy that results from elasticity, during the action of plate tectonic. The brittleness leads to development of concurrent cracks on the rocks as a result of plate’s action.