Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most frequent neurological disorder worldwide. Over 1.7 Million individuals suffer a TBI each year with an incidence of 235–556/100,000. In severe TBI cases, fatality rates mount up to 40%, and in survival disability rate, it is as high as 55–77%, leading to reduce in the quality of life. TBI is caused by head trauma, including the more typical closed head injury, in which rapid acceleration or deceleration induces shearing to the cerebral tissue and produces other forces in the brain and impacts against the frontal and temporal fossae of the skull. TBI is associated with the later onset of neurodegenerative disorders. One of the most common across all severities of closed head injury is diffuse axonal injury (DAI). DAI is a common pathological feature of TBI. It is associated by shearing axons in the hemispheric white matter, corpus callosum, and brainstem. It was originally described as a dynamic deformation of white matter tracts following trauma, which results in shearing of axons and interruption of axonal transport, which leads to accumulation of transported material along the length of axon at the site of injury. Axonal pathology describes this condition as axonal varicosities, while the large single swelling which represents complete axonal disconnection is identified as axonal bulb. Understanding the dynamics of DAI is required to develop an effective therapy. In order to achieve that, a number of animal models have been introduced and characterized since the late 1970s.
A. Primary Mechanical Damage
Axons behave differently at the moment of head impact. They may be discontent known as “primary axotomy”; it is a rare occurrence. Or they may be exposed to “secondary axotomy”,...
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...e precise control of impact parameters.
On the other hand, the model is easy to preform, and it can produce graded DAI, linear and angular acceleration. This raises an interesting question about the specific differences that can be observed in axons exposed to rotation, twisting and pressuring effect of impac.
Requirements of Ideal Experimental Model
It is difficult to design an ideal experimental model that replicates entire requirements of DAI dynamics and achieves the purposes. It is believed that the ideal experimental model should meet the following criteria:
i. DAI is the dominant pathological change that takes place post-injury. ii. The mechanism of the injury resembles the known mechanism of DAI in patients. iii. The model produces gradual DAI. Injury severity in relation to the degree of mechanical force applied. iv. Controlled mechanical input.
Note and answer to yourself, the factor that are involved at the incident, the mechanisms and circumstances on the injury, as well as the extent and type of injury. Assessing the situation identify what happened, a number of people involved, as their age, there is a child and or elderly.
Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, previously referred to as dementia pugilistica, can be understood as a tauopathic, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. While there is no neurobiological or neuropathological explanation as to why CTE occurs, the majority of researchers believe the disease is strongly related to previous head injuries. An individual suffering from CTE will most likely experience changes in their mood, behavior and cognition. Because this is a relatively new area of research, there are still a vast amount of unknowns pertaining to the disease’s symptoms, pathology, and natural course.
Thesis Statement: Our veterans deserve for the procedures implicated in the treatment of all mild head injuries to have detailed diagnostic testing, in-depth evaluations, and follow up so there are not adverse future effects.
Concussions can spring from practically anywhere; at home during cleaning, playing catch in the yard, or even slipping and falling. One
Therefore, one can infer that if the brain of a young soccer player receives successive blows from the simple act of heading the ball, there is a chance of disrupting nerve connects which can lead to a greater chance of sustaining brain
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is are complex and always have large degrees of symptoms. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) also are the cause of many different disabilities. Each person is different and in every brain injury are different, bringing a devastating change into their lives on the day of the occurrence of the brain injury. The occurrence of brain injuries are wide spread into a large spectrum of different causes and there are different degrees of TBI.
Explain the term "injury prevention" and give examples of ways to prevent at least three specific injuries.
Over 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries are reported each year. According to reports the leading cause of brain injuries are from falls followed by motor vehicle accidents, and accidents that were a result of being struck by something. Falls account for 32.5% of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. 50% of all child brain injuries are from falling. 61 % of all traumatic brain injuries among adults are 65 years old or older. Traumatic brain injuries are very violent blows or jolts to the head or body that result in the penetration of the skull. Mild traumatic brain injuries can cause brief dysfunction of the brain cells. Serious brain injuries can cause bleeding, bruising, physical damage to other parts of the body and torn tissues. Brain injuries are more prevalent with males rather than females. Causes of brain injuries include:
Myelination, aka axon insulation, increases action potential conduction up to 150m/s compared to 0.5-10m/s conduction velocities of unmyelnated axons!
My objective in the long term is to provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with “anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)”, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadly strain of encephalitis, I have a personal perspective that I feel brings much to the discussion. I see the information I am currently gathering at Empire State College as the building blocks that pave the way to a thrilling career in a growing segment of the mental health industry. The CDC claims that approximately 1.4 million Americans suffer TBIs annually (Centers for Disease Control Injury Center May 30, 2007 Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths) and it has been called the “signature injury” of the current wars in Iraq & Afghanistan by the National Alliance on Mental Illness. As such, it is my belief that we need to focus time and energy on developing new programs to help these patients to cope with the new limitations and encourage rehabilitation and restoration.
Blunt force trauma is defined as a traumatic event caused by the introduction of any blunt instrument forcefully, causing injury to the body or head. The Severity of injury is determined by various factors. It may be due to mechanical force such as compression, traction, torsion or shear. Impact of the injury and severity depends on object and movement of victim. Injuries occurred may be internal such as lacerations of internal tissues, organs, fractures of bones or may be external such as abrasion, avulsion, contusion and laceration (Pollak & Saukko, 2009). Severity also depends on anatomical site impacted for ex: Lacerations have irregular margin, hanging causes abrasions, contusions and hyoid bone fractures, Ocular hemorrhages in case of blunt trauma to eyes or Fracture of ribs when hit on chest by a blunt object (Ressel, Hetzel, & Ricci, 2016). Severity is also determined by the duration of time and amount of force applied. Nature of trauma is of importance in forensic medicine. It helps in
First, we observe that in order for a concussion to occur, a rapid change in the motion of the skull must also occur within a short amount of time. This results in the brain (which tends to remain in a constant state of motion) colliding with the inside of the skull as the skull begins to change its state of motion. This causes compressional force on the cerebrum resulting in brain injury.
Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., … Colombo, A., (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(9), 1131-1140. doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1131