Netherlands Case Study
The Netherlands is situated in northwest Europe. It is a small country
with an area of 41,863 sq km much of which is flat ground. This
classic home of windmills and tulips, is in a constant battle with the
sea to save its land. In that effort it uses 1,500 miles of dykes, a
tidal barrage and additional innovative technologies to protect itself
from floods.
On 31st January 1995 the Rhine burst its banks at the point where the
Rhine enters the Netherlands. Much of the land is low lying, enclosed
by dykes; these are called polders. In this flood the polders became
flooded causing roads to become impassable. The floods were caused by
natural causes such as early melting snow in the Alps and heavy
precipitation. In some parts heavy rain continued from November 1994
to February 1995. In addition Switzerland was affected with three
times its January average rainfall. Rivers carried on flooding after
the rain ended as the amount of discharge kept increasing; rain was
rapidly transferred to rivers as overland flow.
Other factors’ contributing to the floods was due to human
intervention.. River channels were changed to accommodate the size and
shape of transportation vessels causing faster flow downstream.
Urbanisation of the floodplain reduces storage capacity and speeds up
runoff sending more water to the river than the fields, which they
replaced. Dams upstream trap sediment and speed up the flow
downstream. Meander bends were straightened to improve navigability
and speed flow. The river became 100 km shorter and 30% faster as a
result. In addition upstream engineering narrowed the river
floodplain, and two thousand islands were removed and the riverbed
lowered by erosion. Due to this the floodplain storage capacity was
reduced by 60%. Even simple causes such as deforestation upstream
could have affected the flood and changes in farming practices may
have also contributed to a reduction in the storage capacity of the
floodplains.
[IMAGE]The floods in January 1995 effected many people and killed four
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The ocean can serve man purposes things for many different people; as a school, a home, a park...