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Recommended: Nephrolithiosis
Nephrolithiasis is a condition in which stones or crystals, termed as calculi are formed within the renal pelvis or tubular lumen of individuals[1]. Internationally, nephrolithiasis occurs in all parts of the world and the prevalence of it is increasing by year[2], with recurrent rate up to 50% within 5 years and 70% or higher within 10 years[3]. My father, aged 52, was diagnosed with Nephrolithiasis when he was 37 years old. Later, he had his first ureteroscopy laser surgery to remove the stone, in which it was calcium stone and approximately two centimeters in size. After surgery, he had to do routine follow-up care every six to twelve months and follow dietary therapy recommended by his doctor. 4 years later, he developed the symptoms of acute renal colic attacked. After several lab tests and imaging studies, he was confirmed to have recurrent nephrolithiasis and underwent an endoscope surgery to remove the stone obstruction. Nephrolithiasis gives a huge impact on the patient, due to pain and discomfort. My father described acute renal colic as “the most painful event in his whole life, worse than being on surgery.” Increase in financial burden can also be seen in term of drug and surgery, which some may not afford for it. Therefore, a better prophylactic treatment should be assessed before raising people’s hope. Presently, the standard preventive treatment is dietary therapy. In which it includes high water intake to increase urine output, with a target of 2 to 2.5 liters of total urine volume in 24 hours. Plus, low dietary salt and soft drink intake, as well as high dietary of citrus fruit intake[4]. Alternatively, further research found that pharmacological therapy such as diuretic like agents and alkaline citrate could i... ... middle of paper ... ... and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Clinical Urology, 2011. 37(5): p. 6. 13. Robinson, M.R., et al., Impact of Long-Term Potassium Citrate Therapy on Urinary Profiles and Recurrent Stone Formation. The Journal of Urology, 2009. 181: p. 6. 14. Parmar, M.S., Kidney stones. BMJ, 2004. 328(4): p. 5. 15. Borghi, L., et al., Randomized Prospective Study of a Nonthiazide Diuretic, Indapamide, in Preventing Calcium Stone Recurrences. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 1993. 22: p. S78-86. 16. ALONSO, D., et al., Effects of short and long-term indapamide treatments on urinary calcium excretion in patients with calcium oxalate dihydrate urinary stone disease: A pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 2012. 46: p. 5. 17. Hall, P.M., Nephrolithiasis:Treatment, causes, and prevention. Cleveland Clinic Journal Of Medicicne 2009. 76(10): p. 583-591.
Vital to maintenance of homeostasis is the regulation of plasma osmolality. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, which works to regulate blood pressure, plays a crucial role in fluid balance. When dehydration occurs, blood osmolality increases, which stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), ultimately leading to increased water reabsorption. This leads to more concentrated urine, and less concentrated plasma. Low plasma osmolality works in the opposite fashion: ADH release is inhibited, water reabsorption decreases, and urine is less concentrated. The added electrolytes and carbohydrates in Gatorade would facilitate greater fluid retention through stimulation of renin and vasopressin, increasing urinary sodium reabsorption (3). Studies of both urine volume and plasma volume changes are eff...
Glomerulonephritis, as a defined disease, is very broad in terms of a medical condition and is usually only diagnosed after a routine medical check-up or tests for another condition discover; the symptoms may not be obvious. This disease targets the membrane tissues made of tiny filtering cluster units within the kidneys called glomerulus, which comes from a Greek word meaning filter (NIH, 2014). This illness presents as an inflammation of the tiny filtering units called glomeruli of the kidneys that can be caused by a passing illness associated with an infection or as a result of an autoimmune disease (Nemours, 1995-2016). Glomerulonephritis is a multi-symptom disease caused by genetics or environmental factors that can have variable degrees
...gnosis depends on the cause of the kidney stones and the response to preventive therapies.
Mcgrogan, A., Franssen, C. F. and De Vries, C. S. 2011. The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide: a systematic review of the literature. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26 (2), pp. 414-430.
Different studies had different result numbers or different percentage reduction rates which was primarily based on their indifferences in regards to study design utilized and sample size. As evidenced by research results (Magers, June 2013) and (Welden, 2013), these showed a reduction of urinary catheter days resulted in reduced CAUTI rates. Though different outcome results between the different research studies, they all strongly significantly supported the notion that a nurse-driven protocol to assess and evaluate the appropriateness and use of urethral catheter compared with a no protocol is essential to help in the reduction of CAUTIs. Interpreting these results, (Meddings et al., 2013) showed a drop greater than 52% in CAUTIs and a decrease in catheterization by 37%. The study results from the six scholarly research study articles showed nearly similar or corresponding outcomes. The results were significant enough to support the PICO question. In general, though the difference in sample size, the results still strongly supported excellent outcomes when a nurse-driven protocol is used to evaluate the necessity of continued urethral catheter use. (Chen et al., 2013, para.
A kidney stone or crystal forms when the urine is supersaturated in regard to a stone forming material, meaning the urine contains a higher concentration of stone material than it can dissolve. There are several factors that can contribute to supersaturation, such as urine volume, pH, and the amount of solute excretion (Worcester and Coe 2009). There are numerous types of stones that can form depending on what material in the urine is in excess. The most common types of stones are calcium kidney stones with calcium oxalate (CaOx) causing 80% of all calcium stones and calcium phosphate (CaP) causing 15% of calcium stones (Sakhaee et al. 2012). Calcium oxalate stones are usually found in patients as white deposits on their papillae, or Randall’s plaques. The stone begins as a deposit of calciu...
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
“The Nephrology Nursing Journal” was initially published in 1974, and is a refereed clinical and scientific resource that provides current information on a wide variety of subjects to facilitate the practice of professional nephrology nursing (ANNA, 2015). Its purpose is to disseminate information on the latest advances in research, practice, and education to nephrology nurses to positively influence the quality of care they provide (ANNA, 2015). It is designed to meet the educational and information needs of nephrology nurses in a variety of roles at all levels of practice, while also serving as a source of knowledge for non-nephrology nurses. (ANNA, 2015). Its content expands the knowledge base for nephrology nurses, stimulates professional growth, guides research-based practice, presents new technological developments, and provides a forum for review of critical issues promoting the advancement of nephrology nursing practice (ANNA, 2015).
United States Renal Data System (USRDS). (2008). Annual data report: Incidence and prevalence. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V2-02-2008.pdf
There are several causes to elderly dehydration, which can be broken down into four groups: physiological factors, psychological factors, functional impairments, and mechanical impairments. (Hamilton, 2001) The physiological factors are: natural 10% body fluid loss, diminish of taste making food less appetizing and adding salt for flavor, thirst diminishes, medications that are diuretics or laxatives, and draining wounds. (Hamilton 2001) The caffeine in coffee and soda, the theophylline in tea, and the throbromine in cocoa, all raise blood pressure along with increase production and elimination of urine. (Vasey, 2002) Alcohol, on the other hand, dries out the mucous membrane causing sclerosis. (Vasey, 2002) Diarrhea, vomiting, or febrile illness also contributes to elderly dehydration. (Moore, 2005) The psychological factors are: depression which contributes to loss of appetite, purposefully decrease fluid to reduce bathroom trips. (Hamilton, 2001) The functional impairments are: coma, paralysis and N.P.O (Nothing Per Orem) patients. (Hamilton, 2001) Elderly individuals with disabilities such as: visual, cognitive or motor impairment may need assists with water intake. (Kavanaugh, 2000) Tubal feeding may need additional water in the nutr...
Calculi. A kidney stone is a solid lump that can be as small as a grain of sand
Which drugs are used and for how depend on your overall health and the bacteria find in the urine.
As the kidneys regulate the quantity of fluid which leaves the body, patients who suffer from kidney disease progression, may be not be able to regularize fluid removal from their body. Due to this scenario, their physician or specialist may ask them to reduce their intake of fluid. Lowering daily fluid intake for the renal diet involves: not drinking to socialize or from habit, only having a drink when thirsty, and sucking on a wedge of lemon or chips of ice. It also entails taking measures for monitoring the quantity of fluid that is drunk. This is done by measuring a regularly used glass or cup to measure the quantity of fluid it holds, as well as placing the recommended daily quantity of water into a specific container, and then only taking the fluid that is consumed from this. This insures that the recommended amount is not exceeded (Medical
Although abuse of diuretics occurs in sport, diuretics were initially developed to treat many conditions in medicine. Traditionally their medicinal purposes include the treatment of many disorders and illnesses, for example hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and renal failure. Diuretics can also be used for the general reduction of the adverse effects that come with salt or water retention (Jackson, 2006). There are numerous categories of diuretics, each with a different function. These include Thiazides, used to treat hypertention and edema (e.g. benzthiazide), Loop Diuretics, which act on the loop of henle in the kidney and are associated with heat...
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.