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Internet and technology
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Internet communication
TCP/IP is the protocol which is widely used for communication on the internet. IP addresses are used for identifying devices in a TCP/IP environment. IP addresses are segregated as classes out of which Class A, Class B, class C are used for the hosts. Class D is used for multicast and Class E is reserved. Every class has a defined set for the number of IP addresses.
As the internet network grew, the numbers of usable IP addresses were getting exhausted at a faster pace. NAT was designed to the solve the IP depletion problem.
NAT definition
NAT stands for Network address translation. It is a technology which is commonly used such that systems on the Local area network can communicate with the Public network and vice versa.
In an organization, systems are deployed and configured in the LAN – Local area network. The LAN is the private network of the organization. The public network refers to the internet. Devices on the private network are not directly connected to the public network. The organization would use devices like routers, firewalls to provide public network access to the private network users.
IP address assignment for different regions is controlled by IANA – Internet assigned numbers Authority. IANA controls the assignment of public IP address to different regions which the authority has designated.
IP addresses are of two types, private and public IP addresses. Private IP addresses are configured and used by systems and devices which needs to communicate on a LAN environment. Public IP addresses are used by devices and systems which are on the public network, the internet. This comprises of websites which are hosted on the internet, ftp servers with public access, streaming websites etc...
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...ns in the TCP/IP stack .
[3] Lammle, Todd. (2007). Cisco Certified Network Associate. Indianapolis:
Wiley. Chapter 11, Page 670
[4] Matt Smith and Ray Hunt. (2002). Network Security using NAT and NAPT.
Christchurch: ieee.explore.ieee.org. Pages 5 to 9
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:t9S_Bt8aunoJ:www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/research/RG/inet_security.old/SmithHunt.pdf+Network+Security+using+NAT+and+NAPT.+filetype:pdf&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjuR6wAko1AbLxggCArnM1EdwTCdaW2H_9g0zw5CBQp3hEfzs_-dECMg4q2U01Fp_RrYrYx8VfcHIF-cHKp81s_jDJQNT8zUblvJonvmX2MQrwe2jvKA7DWkRpinaa-uOpeTpAt&sig=AHIEtbRhNyH2oSWJG_OjUwtqq540KN6B0g
[65] Lisa Phifer, Core Competence. The Trouble with NAT
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/ac174/ac182/about_cisco_ipj_archive_article09186a00800c83ec.html
But while http://www.iptrackeronline.com/ gave me a Netherlands as my country whatsmyipaddress.com gave me the same ip address but different country gave me Varazdin Coratia.
IPv4 is the original internet addressing system. It is a protocol which was used on packet-switched networks. Delivery model is how it operates at its best without a guaranteed avoidance of duplicate in delivery or assurance of proper sequencing. Some aspects include data integrity which is mostly addressed by TCP. IPV4 uses binary notation to sort at time IP address that consist of 32 bits. It is a practice to convert the 32 bits of an IPv4 address into four 8 bit known as octets. With each octet converted to a decimal number (base 10) from (0–255) and parted by a period developed a format called dotted decimal notation. IPv4 has a category of address class types: Class A, B, C, D and E. The class A addresses are used for big networks and always start with zero bits. Each Class A address network can hold up as many as 16,777,216 hosts.
What does IP stand for and what is it used for? Internet Protocol, and it's a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the Internet or other
IP – The Internet Protocol (IP) - is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
The internet was created to test new networking technologies developed to eventually aid the military. The Arpanet, advanced research projects agency network, became operational in 1968 after it was conceived by Leanard Roberts (Watrall, T101, 2/2). Ever since the Arpanet began in 1968, it grew exponentially in the number of connected users. Traffic and host population became too big for the network to maintain, due to the killer application known as email created in 1972. The outcry for a better way sparked the development of the NSFNet. The National Science Foundation Network replaced Arpanet, and ultimately had many positive effects. This early division of the internet spread its netw...
A network can be based on either a peer-to-peer level or server-based, also referred to as domain-based. To distinguish the difference, a peer-to-peer network, also known as a workgroup, is a network in which a group of computers are connected together to share resources, such as files, applications, or peripherals. The computers in a peer-to-peer network are peers to one another, meaning no single computer has control over one another. There is also no central location for users to access resources, which means that each individual computer must share their files in order for other computers to have access (Muller, 2003, p.411). “In a peer-to-peer environment, access rights are governed by setting sharing permissions on individual machines.” (Cope, 2002) On the other hand, in a domain-based network, the computers connected together are either servers or clients. All of the other computers connected to the network are called client computers. The server is a dedicated machine that acts as a central location for users to share and access resources. The server controls the level of authority each user has to the shared resources. When logging on to the network, users on client machines are authenticated by the server, based on a user name and password (Lowe, 2004, p.13).
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a standard used to allow multiple PCs on a private network to share a single, globally routable IPv4 address. NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and usually one address externally. The main reason NAT is often deployed is because IPv4 addresses are getting scarce. NAT is an immediate, but temporary, solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion problem that will eventually be rendered unnecessary with the deployment of the IPv6. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been aware of the impending depletion of the current address space for almost a decade.
Local Area Networks also called LANs have been a major player in industrialization of computers. In the past 20 or so years the worlds industry has be invaded with new computer technology. It has made such an impact on the way we do business that it has become essential with an ever-growing need for improvement. LANs give an employer the ability to share information between computers with a simple relatively inexpensive system of network cards and software. It also lets the user or users share hardware such as Printers and scanners. The speed of access between the computers is lighting fast because the data has a short distance to cover. In most cases a LAN only occupies one or a group of buildings located next to each other. For larger area need there are several other types of networks such as the Internet.
IP address is you Internet identity when you are connected to the web. It is synonymous to a postal address.
Thanks to the HTTP, a web server running some simple software programs can acquire our IP address and then gather information about us from our own computer. This information can be anywhere from what kind of software the computer is running to gaining access to all our email contacts. Sometimes less desirabl...
...vantage of the overall network design and implement usable subnets with virtual local area networks. Use encryption and encapsulation to secure communications of public segments to enable extranets and cross-Internet company traffic. Use items such as intrusion detection systems and firewalls to keep unauthorized users out and monitor activity. Taken together, these pieces can make a secure network that is efficient, manageable, and effective.
The domain name space is organized hierarchically according to a root and tree structure. When read from left to right, the name follows a path from the branches of the tree to the root. A domain name, such as , essentially consists of two main elements: the top-level domain (TLD), second-level domain (2LD) and sometimes it may contain a third or higher level domain. The machine-readable addresses are called IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, because the location of data on the Internet is identified using the Internet Protocol Address System. Every resource on the Internet (web site, web page or e-mail address) must have a unique Internet Protocol address. Without this unique identifying address, resources on the Internet will not be able to find other specific resources. There will, for example, be no way of making sure that the important e-mail one sends will reach the intended addressee. Domain names are converted into a thirty-two-bit dotted decimal notation, or a number consisting of four octets (sets of eight binary digits...
Network seems to be a very mystery thing, people just to use the Internet in their daily lives, but no one would be to explore what is a network, what is the meaning of the network. The Internet, namely wide area network, local area network and single machine according to a certain communication protocol make up the international computer network. The Internet is the result of two or two more computers' terminals, the client and the server through the computer information technology means to connect with each other, people can send mail to thousands of miles away friends. completing a task and play games together.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
TCP/IP operates at both levels 3 and 4 of the OSI model. The TCP portion of TCP/IP operates at level 3 (Network) as its primary function is to control the flow of data. IP operates at level 4 (Transport) of the OSI model. IP is the protocol responsible for the actual transmission of packet across the network.