Policy study assessments have grown in interest due to the increased importance over the last several decades of public service program expansion and the resultant research of the associated policies. Yin and Heald offer three different approaches to “review this research and evaluate the more significant findings” (1975, p. 371) through the propositional method, the cluster method, and the case survey method. Yin and Heald propose that the most appropriate of these three for policy studies is the case survey method (1975, p. 371). Therefore, it is important to learn how the case survey method is used, how policy study knowledge can be expanded through this method, and its applicability to other public policy topics beyond Yin and Heald’s application on their decentralization study.
The case survey method requires trained observers, reader-analysts, to answer close-ended questions regarding the case study. This allows for “aggregate reviews of individual case studies to be undertaken with scientific rigor” (Yin & Heald, 1975, p. 372). By utilizing trained reader-analysts, the case survey method also addresses three major issues of research review: reliability, variances in weak and strong responses, and explicit criteria for case study exclusion. The reliability is determined by comparing the responses to the close ended questions of more than one analyst to ascertain the level of reliability of the question. Variances in weak and strong responses are addressed by providing the reader-analyst the opportunity to indicate, for each question, their confidence in their response. Exclusion of case studies is addressed by including specific close ended questions that “serve as exclusion criteria” (p. 373). This allows for specific revi...
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...of this method as the “results of the surveys are of no better quality than the quality of the original cases” (p. 380), the potential inability to address “unique factors of an individual case” (p. 380), and the lack of “discovery of process” due to the attention to assessment (p. 380). However, regardless of these limitations, the applicability of this approach towards public policy literature can be invaluable as policies continues to evolve and the public requires more services. Researchers’ abilities to consider a broad spectrum of case studies in a scientific manner will continue to provide increasing amounts of knowledge regarding policy impacts and effectiveness.
Works Cited
Yin, R.K., & Heald, K.A. (1975). Using the case survey method to analyze policy studies. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 20 (3), pp. 371-381. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2391997
The author has employed the use of qualitative data in order to draw out and support his ultimate conclusions. The author has used several types of data sources, including the BSI data system. The BSI is described as a “problem based policing strategy for data collection.”
This policy analysis will discuss the following topics: the problem, Policy development, Policy Effectiveness, Conclusion Alternatives, Cost & Benefits, and Recommendations.
Reiner, J. S., Reimer, E., & Reiner, T. A. (1963). Client analysis and the planning of public programs. Journal of the American Institute of Planning 29 (4), 270-282.
Nearly every aspect of law enforcement has a court decision that governs criteria. Most court rulings are the result of civil lawsuit towards a police officer and agency. However, currently, there is no law that mandates law enforcement driver training. When it comes to firearms, negligence by officers has resulted in a multitude of court rulings. Popow v. City of Margate, 1979, is a particularly interesting case that outlines failed firearms training by an agency. In this case, an officer chasing a suspect during a foot pursuit fired at the suspect, striking and killing an innocent bystander (Justia.com, 2017). The court ruled that the agency was “grossly negligent” of “failure to train” (Justia.com, 2017). As a result, nearly every agency requires annual firearms training and has written policy concerning the same. Officers must show proficiency in firearms use every year to maintain their certification. Many states even impose fines on officers for
Three major types of methods used for this study are “Longitudinal Research Method”, “Cross- sectional Research Method” and “Cross Sequential Method” (A cohort form of Longitudinal and cross-sectional method). “Case Study Method” and “Survey Method” also have been used (Baltes, 1968).
Wheelan, C. (2011). Introduction to Public Policy (1st ed.). United States: W.W. Nortion & Company, INC. (Original work published 2011).
Evans, B. A., Snooks, H., Howson, H., & Davies, M. (2013). How hard can it be to include research evidence and evaluation in local health policy implementation? Results from a mixed methods study. Implementation Science, 8(1), 1-9.
The information collated in this report was collected from a variety of secondary sources including websites, books, documentaries, statistics and academic journals. A report format was selected to ensure that information concerning the guiding questions were successfully answered. While surveys were conducted information collected was discredited due to the reliability of the information collected.
The literature review is important to find credible, reliable, and relevant sources that fit the research problem. “To achieve its purpose, the literature review may examine issues of theory, methodology, policy, and evaluation that relate to the effectiveness of a policy or intervention” (Krysik & Finn, 2013, p.66). Annotated bibliographies and abstracts also provide information about different sources and this can be helpful for evaluating sources when doing a literature review. “An annotated bibliography includes a summary or evaluation of each of the sources” and when writing one it can help to establish if the sources used are relevant and apply to the research topic that is being investigated. (Stacks, Karper, Bisignani, & Brizee, 2013).
This article hasn’t provided an introduction; however a lengthy summary of the study which identifies the problem, purpose and rationale for the research study has been provided in the background. The introduction should give the reader a general sense of what the document is about, and preferably persuade the reader to continue reading. This prepares the reader for reading the rest of the document (Burns & Grove, 2001 p.636; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002).
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
Now within the rest of this paper you will be finding a few different things getting discussed. Staring it off we will be discussing the articles that we have found to make our arguments and hypotheses. After wrapping up the literature reviews we will be discussing the hypotheses thus continuing onto our variables and indicators. Once we discuss our hypotheses we will be moving onto the research design. The research design will have our general issues, sampling, and methods.
Rabin, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of public administration and public policy: K-Z. United States: CRC press.
1. The purpose of this response is to assert the active role of public managers in policy making. By using their technical, analytical and managerial skills public managers can be effective in the policy process and just in implementation.
From this case study the analyses are made on the following questions asked. The Questions that are asked are following: