Introducción
En la actualidad la biología molecular cada vez tiene un mayor auge la cual está empezando a tener una gran importancia en las ciencias médicas en los últimos años.
Esta se encarga de estudiar del ADN lo que nos permite detectar con una gran eficacia y dar un diagnostico completo sobre lo que le sucede a nuestros pacientes, tal como toma importancia se ha logrado producir diagnóstico acertado de algunas patologías de difícil detección ya sea por el tiempo que conlleva conseguir su diagnóstico en algunas especies de neoplasias y bacterias con una seguridad mayor (Bray, 2006 ).
Además de esto las técnicas moleculares nos permiten estudiar el ADN de tal manera que nos permite detectar los cambios presentes en esta tal como las mutaciones en es las cuales confieren una gran importancia en la ciencia ya que estas al producir un cambio en el materia genético se obtiene una proteína errada que puede conllevar por ejemplo a una falla en algún sistema biológico que conllevara a una patología o neoplasia pero otro ejemplo de esto es las bacterias las cuales gracias a estas mutaciones se están haciendo resistentes en su fenotipo a los principales antimicrobianos que se usan para estas. (Bray, 2006 )
El material genético está distribuido en cromosomas los cuales contienen genes y estos a su vez están compuestos por regiones promotoras, regiones intronicas y regiones exonicas que a su vez su expresión es encentra regulada por alguna proteína o región reguladora ( Passarge, 31/08/2009 ).
Los exones y los intrones son las parte de un gen que al transcribirse se pasan a ARNm el cual sufre un fenómeno de maduración llamado splicing estos pierden sus intrones y se dejan solo los exones los cuales llevan la información de la secuencia de aminoácidos para su producción de proteínas ( Passarge, 31/08/2009 ).
Por esto una mutación en un exón conlleva a un cambio de la estructura de una proteína lo que conlleva a que esta se errónea o que se termine antes y se obtenga una proteína sin efecto bioquímico en el cuerpo.
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En esta imagen se muestra como es la estructura del ADN tomada de (Cuenca Berger & Morales Montero, Mutaciones Inestables: causa de algunas enfermedades neurológicas hereditarias, 1999)
Gen p53 y cáncer; es uno de los principales represores de células con daño en su ADN ya de la función de la proteína de esta es la de evitar el paso de la fase G0 a G1 y de esta manera evitar el ciclo celular para que se dé a corrección del fragmento de ADN afectado o activa la apoptosis o muerte celular programada.
It helps medics to find a direct genetic cause of the patient’s condition and target it with pharmaceutical or other therapies. The technology is used for the identification of DNA sequences that increase risks of current diseases and disorders; with this information carriers can start to make efforts to prevent them before the development of the problem. The video mentioned 200 actionable genes, structures that have direct links with a specific condition. Knowing about their presence, people have a chance to bring in preventive measures like taking anticoagulants in the case of identification of a thrombogenic gene. The technology led to the significant improvement of diagnostics and personalized treatments. It helped to find a rare, life-threatening mutation in case of Beery twins and assign a drug to a girl (Alexis) that returned her to a normal life. In the case of cancer genome sequencing led to the development of genetic drags, which target essential tumor genes and make malign structures to shrink. The video mentioned a product that works with the BRАF protein that induces cells to uncontrolled division; the drug led to the remission in the patient with metastasizing melanoma. Such treatment was effective in the case of cystic fibrosis. In the case of the breast cancer the technology helps to evaluate the aggressiveness of the condition and make a personalized decision about chemotherapy. The video also mentioned the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis – an early-staged technology that prevents the development of inherited disorders in
They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species.
Staphylococcus aureus could be eliminated because not only did the unknown bacteria grow, but it also didn’t change color to yellow. Lastly, a Catalase test was done by taking a colony from the Blood Agar plate.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Specifically “TP53, p16INK4A, and SMAD4. The p53 nuclear protein activates transcription of a cyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. Following genomic stress, inappropriate growth factor stimulation or expression of oncogenic ras increased expression of p53, and thus p21WAF1/CIP1 resulted in inactivation of specific CDK/cyclin complexes” (MedScape). If this transformed cell can escape internal and external fail-safe mechanisms, receive nutrients, and activate its proliferative program, it can form a mass of cancerous cells. Tumor growth can cause the loss of pancreatic functions. Another characteristic of pancreatic cancer is metastasis happens early in tumor growth, which is most likely responsible for pancreatic cancer’s aggressive
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Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identify
The Biomedical Model is the most dominant model throughout the current century because it focuses predominantly on treatment and cure. This brings about an immediate attraction towards the Biomedical Model of health because it is instantaneous. Results are immediate and can be physically felt and seen so a person’s impro...
This being said, there are several different forms of empacho. One of these forms is empacho seco, a “dry” sickness. Generally meaning there is a lack of diarrhea and appetite11. Another form is Empacho Aguado which is its “wet” form. Where there can be diarrhea, fever, and so on. There is another version of this illness known as Emapcho Feurte. Meaning it is the “strong” from of empacho or in many translations the “embarrassment.” This form could contain symptoms from both of the previous mentioned types. However, this particular strain, could be much more life threatening.
n.d. - n.d. Peptides and Proteins. Proteins. Retrieved July 25, 2008, from http://www.cd http://www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/protein2.htm Ophardt, C. E. (2003).
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
Sharing certain aspects of practice with other disciplines of pathology like clinical pathology, anatomic pathology, biochemistry, and molecular biology, molecular pathology seeks to understand and diagnose, at a molecular level, the mechanisms and origins of diseases (Harris and McCormick 2010). Through patient samples tests are carried out to measure
WHO, W. H. (2008). Tradtional Medicine. available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ retrieved on 9-11-11 at 10:30 pm.
But what is important here is HealthCare system, biochemists work in private industry, large hospitals, and medical centers. Some recent advances in biochemistry have commercial applications, especially in the growing hereditary building field. Expanded open mindfulness and investment in preserving the environment and finding cures for such diseases as AIDS, cancer, and heart disease, also likely to provide the stimulus for increased spending by private pharmaceutical and new biotechnology companies. All of these are health related jobs that biochemists are involved in and it show how biochemistry is integrities with healthcare system.