Background: Estimation of the size of the cultured cells can be a valuable parameter. The present research was conducted to evaluate the modifications in the volume and surface area of the Vero cells using the invariator, nucleator, and surfactor techniques. Morphologic changes of the cells infected with rubella virus cannot be observed easily. Therefore, detection of morphological changes of the cells or nuclei induced by the virus before observing any later marked changes can be beneficial.
Methods: The cultured Vero cells were infected with rubella virus. The cells of the control and experimental groups were harvested at 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours following the incubation period. The cells were processed and embedded in paraffin. Then, isotropic uniform random sections of the cells were obtained using ‘‘isector’’ method. Invariator, nucleator, and surfactor were applied to estimate the size of the Vero cells and their nuclei.
Results: The cell volume was decreased by 15-24% 48 hours after the infection in comparison to the non-infected cells. Besides, the cell surface area was decreased by 13% 48 hours after the infection. However, no changes were detected in the nuclei. The values of the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the cells estimated by invariator were lower compared to those measured by the nucleator or surfactor.
Conclusion: Invariator is a more precise method compared to nucleator or surfactor. In this study, the volume and surface area of the Vero cells were reduced by rubella virus 48 hours after infection.
Keywords: Vero cells, Rubella virus, Histology
Introduction
Estimation of the size of the cultured cells can be a valuable parameter in the in vitro culture studies. Up to now, a ...
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...th is the cell culture systems .15-16,20 In the present research, quantitative parameters were applied to detect rubella virus growth in Vero cell culture. This is a cheaper method for detecting rubella virus growth at the early stages of infection of the Vero cells as the cells which do not occasionally show gross morphological changes. It can also be useful for subsequent viral antigen preparation or serological testing of specific rubella antibodies followed by stereological confirmation of rubella virus growth in the Vero cell line.
Conclusion
The Vero cell volume and surface area can be decreased 48 hours after the infection determined using invariator, nucleator, and surfactor techniques. The values of the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the cells estimated by Invariator were lower compared to those measured by the nucleator or surfactor
Haemolytic colonies were classified by a white ring around the patched colony, indicating that haemolysis of the blood agar occurred. Conversely, non-haemolytic colonies were classified by a lack of a white ring, which indicated that no haemolysis took place.
...Evaluation and comparison of Hela, Hep2C and Vero cell lines sensitivity to polio vaccinal virus using micro and macro vaccine potency tests. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://www.archrazi.com/browse.php?a_id=319&sid=1&slc_lang=en
The main goal for our experiment was to learn how to examine DNA when there is only a small
In 1989, Fogleman et al. analyzed the uncoating and penetration of Simian virus (SV 40). It uses the ganglioside...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
Orthopoxvirus variola is the virus responsible for the well-known smallpox disease. It belongs to the Poxviridae family which is further split into the subfamilies Entomopoxivirinae which only affects insects, and Chordopoxivirinae which infects vertebrae (Hughes). It is in group one of the Baltimore Classification since it possesses double-stranded DNA. This group also includes viruses in the Herpesviridae family, certain bacteriophages, as well as the mimivirus. The linear genome consists of approximately 186 kb pair and, like all orthopoxviruses, is about 200 nm in diameter (Li; Riedel). Virus particles may be enveloped, but the majority will be nonenveloped when released from a lysed cell, ready and capable to affect another. Extracellular enveloped viruses evolve from their precursors intracellular enveloped virus and cell-associated enveloped virus and contain proteins that aid the virus in neutralizing host cell antibodies to enhance virus spread (Smith). Entrance into the host cell may be accomplished by fusion of endocytosis, contingent on the particular strain. Host cell cytoplasm is the site of poxvirus replication, therefore host nuclear enzymes are unavailable to the virus; to overcome this, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enters the host with the virus (Hughes).
RSV is an enveloped, cytoplasmic, pleomorphic virus with negative single stranded RNA (3). This virus belongs in the paramuxoviridae family and in the subfamily Penumovirinae. It has a single serotype and two antigenic subtypes, A or B. In total, 8 out of the total ten RSV proteins are seen in infected cells and virions, eight being structural and two being non-structural (3). The viral envelope has three glycoproteins: G, F, and SH protein (4). In addition, RSV has 5 other structure proteins which include L, N, P, M and M2-1 (4). Two non-structural proteins: NS1 and NS2 are identified with RSV, but it is still unknown whether these two proteins are a part of the assem...
McLean, H.Q. Fiebelkorn, P.A. (2013) Prevention of Measles, Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and Mumps, 2013, 62(4), 6-7. Retrieved from http://ezp.gvltec.edu:2073/pdf29_30/pdf/2013/1CEF/14Jun13/90159230.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=2012255934&S=R&D=rzh&EbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESeqLQ4y9f3OLCmr0yeqLFSrqe4SraWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMOXo433s7OpT69fnhrnb5ofx6gAA
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
however, inoculations of mice with the patient's serum resulted in the isolation of a virus
The theoretical part describes the newest findings of the pathogenesis, overview over the typical clinical picture, most common diagnostic methods, especially OCB investigation, and clasical and modern threatments of the disease.
The procedure was simple as for each stimulus tested a metre length, clear, plastic tube, over a centimetre in diameter, and marked in quarters was filled with Artemia franciscana (Biology 108 laboratory manual, 2010). Then, following the Biology 10...
In the case of temperatures the cultures were incubated at each determined temperature. For the UV radiation, cells were exposed to UV light for 10 seconds and then grown in 30oC. For the EtBr treatment, 50ul of EtBr was added to the growth medium and cells were incubated at 30oC. In the case of sunlight exposure, cells were exposed to sunlight directly and grown at room temperature
Ghosh MK, Borca MV, Roy P. Virus-derived tubular structure displaying foreign sequences on the surface elicit CD4+ Th cell and protective humoral responses. Virology 2002; 302: 383-92.
The structures of all three of these subjects are very different. Bacteria have three different shapes known as strepocolli, which are chains of cocci that are spherical or oval shaped. Escherichia coli that lives in your intestines and are rod shaped. And vibrio’s that are spiral shaped. In bacteria, DNA and RNA are floating in the cytoplasm. Bacteria have a cell wall, a cell membrane, flagella, and ribosomes but do not have a nucleus. Viruses are sub-microscopic particle, about 20-300 nanometers. They have two main parts: a capsid which is composed of protein subunits and an inner core of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. They also have spikes made from a glycoprotein. Viruses have no cell wall, but they have a protein coat instead. They don’t have a nucleus also. Last but not least, prions: the normal protein prions are bounded to sur...