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essays on gender equality in the 1900s
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The Double Helix
"The discovery of the structure by Crick and Watson, with all its biological implications, has been one of the major scientific events of this century." (Bragg, The Double Helix, p1) In the story of The Double Helix, James Watson tells of the road that led to the discovery of life's basic building block-DNA. This autobiography gives insight into science and the workings within a professional research laboratory that few members of society will ever be able to experience. It also gives the reader an idea of the reality of life for one scientist and how he struggled with the problem of DNA. However, the author's style is marked by his lack of objectivity and inclusion of many biased opinions and personal prejudices.
One example of this ongoing subjective style can be seen in Watson's writing on women, particularly in his dealings with Rosalind Franklin. The fact that Watson believes that all women are good for is pleasure and keeping house can be seen in the word choice and style of several passages throughout The Double Helix. These passages' subjects include Rosalind Franklin's appearance, appeal, and acceptance of the double helix model and concept.
In the first several chapters of The Double Helix, James Watson gives detailed descriptions of the places and people who were of some importance in this charade of science. Watson wrote of his personal history and of how he arrived at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. In this laboratory was a yet-unknown thirty-five year old man named Frances Crick . When Watson joined the team at Cavendish it was to help continue studies on the structure of proteins. Some of the people in the lab that Watson mentioned were Sir Lawr...
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...be shed. In comparing several passages written about Rosalind Franklin, it can be seen that Watson carried a certain style and pre-determined opinion of women and their place in society. In the first passage written about Rosy's appearance, Watson criticizes her choice of dress and then tries to blame her family for the way she turned out. The second passage dealt with Rosy as a presenter and her appeal to the audience, particularly Watson. In the final passage, Watson is shocked to find that Rosy can be rational and was not always being outrageous. By examining the amount of objective and subjective material in three of Watson's passages, it is viable that his style can be fingerprinted by his lack of objectivity and by his splashing of personal opinions.
Works Cited
Watson, James. The Double Helix. WW Norton & Company, New York London. 1980.
The following is a review of the book, The Double Helix, by James D. Watson that was published in 1968. Here the Norton Critical Edition will be used for page numbering and insights for this review, which was edited by Gunter S. Stent and published in 1980. The Double Helix is a personal recollection of the period of time when the structure of DNA was discovered. James D. Watson (Watson) along with Francis Crick (Crick) were the two scientists who published a paper in 1953 which purposed a structure for DNA. For the most part their structure has stood the test of time, and since that time period many people have wanted to know details of how they discovered DNA’s structure (pp. 3). Therefore Watson’s purpose in writing the book was to describe his personal view of the events that lead to discovery of DNA’s three-dimensional structure, when they happened in 1952-53. He is well qualified to give an account of these things, for he was there in the middle of everything; he was one of the main players. In order to describe the events, apart from his sharp memory, Watson used letters he wrote to his family to help him remember dates and details, as well as suggestions from his associates who reviewed his manuscript. In the following paragraphs I will summarize the text, and follow that with my own review of
The discovery of DNA is quite mind-blowing. Rumor has it that James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA, but they actually did not. It all started in 1869, with a well-known German biochemist named Friedrich Miescher who isolated, analyzed, and recognized a distinctive macromolecule known as DNA. Years later, on the morning of February 28, 1953, Watson and Crick came into the picture, as they announced that they “had discovered the secret of life” (Markel 2013). Their discovery of the double helix made them publish a paper in the 1953 issue of Nature, describing the structure of DNA, which resulted them to receive the Nobel Prize in 1962.
“Science and everyday life cannot and should not be separated” this seemingly simple statement is found in a letter written by Rosalind Franklin to her father. Over seventy years later an abundance of people know this to be true and plenty unknowingly use this statement to influence their education and life. During Rosalind Franklins life she underwent frequent trials and turbulence but, through further investigation into her generation it can be seen that her persistence made her the brilliant chemist that is still remembered. Franklins most recognized piece of work is her momentous contributions into understanding the structure of DNA, an impressive discovery considering she passed away at the young age of 37. When looking at the impact
His two major breakthroughs paved the way for the world of science to come. His first breakthrough was protein sequencing. Before Sanger’s experiments, it was known that proteins had different physical properties, biological functions, and amino acid compositions, and most of it controlled by genes. However, it was widely questioned how large molecules, such as proteins could be created, and many believed that proteins were formed randomly. That was the common belief, which was taken seriously until Sanger forever changed this belief. Through his experiments Sanger proved that proteins were made up of a sequence of amino acids. To do this, he developed various methods of sequencing proteins, but the method that was successful, was the one using what is a chemical, now called “Sanger’s Reagent.” In this case, Sanger used this chemical, and Bovine Insulin, to sequence the first protein, a discovery for which diabetics are forever grateful. His discovery was groundbreaking and founded the modern study of enzymology, and ultimately earned him the nobel prize in 1958. However, Sanger did not stop here, later in 1962, he joined the Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC-LMB). Although he was the head of protein chemistry, he joined the MRC-LMB, shifting his focus from protein chemistry to nucleic acids and began developing new methods of sequencing RNA. Later, these methods translated into DNA, where he and his team used various methods to approach DNA sequencing. The first method they used was called the “plus and minus” method, followed by a new method developed by Sanger and his team. This new method was the process of using chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, called dideoxynucleotides, to sequence DNA. Ultimately, this newly developed process was called “Sanger sequencing.” Using this method, Sanger and his team
Yet, Franklin’s career was a difficult journey that ultimately led to a tragic ending. What I found extremely painful to read in Watson’s narrative was how Franklin was often demeaned, even if it was done indirectly. Watson described Franklin as having a foul personality with characteristics of the quintessential bitter and unloving career woman. By referring to Franklin as ‘Rosy’ instead of her full name, complaining about her lack of femininity, dull physical features, and stating that she needed to “be put in her place” (17), Watson completely belittled and undermined Franklin professionally. As a woman, it was frustrating to read his words. If I was in her shoes today I know I would have to doggedly pursue my aspirations while breaking stereotypes along the way to be taken
I have known since I was a child that I wanted to be a physician. During my undergraduate years, I worked for an endocrinologist and volunteered as a diabetes educator at a clinic for the medically underserved. I learned a great deal about medicine with a specific focus on diabetes. I quickly came to notice a commonality among the patients seeking medical management of their chronic diseases. Patients did not present with an acute problem, but rather to have patches placed on their existing chronic conditions. In fact, many patients came in for routine care but had no interest in improving their health. I rarely felt satisfaction in the sense that a patient’s life changed during a single office visit. Unfortunately, I became frustrated with not seeing short-term results. One afternoon I had an eye-opening experience while accompanying the endocrinologist to the emergency department to see a patient in diabetic ketoacidosis. Captivated by the critical care management of this case, at last I saw immediate improvements occurring; thus, that day my interest in emergency medicin...
She further improved her skills and eventually came to discover through the x-rays that there were two different forms of DNA, the A form and the B form. Franklin chose to focus more on the A form when she presented her findings to an audience, which included James Watson, who was sent by Francis Crick, to spy on her findings. Watson and Crick were rival scientists trying to win the race to find the structure of DNA - before the unknowing Franklin did. When Watson reported back with her information on the A form of DNA, the two were quick to build a model. However, after being invited to the showcase, Franklin came to examine it and nearly immediately disproved the model, showing the reality of the situation - Watson and Crick’s model was a failure. The head of the lab that the two worked at banned them from working on models again, leaving them humiliated. Then, in May of 1952, Franklin took the clearest photo of the B form of DNA she ever had taken and labeled it as “Photo 51”. She stores it away for later examination, but it somehow ends up in the hands of Wilkins, who shows it to Watson. Soon, Watson and Crick, using the photograph and Franklin’s other research, are able to figure out the double helix structure, dimensions, and arrangement of components of DNA. They publish their findings in a series of
He finds comfort away from the eccentricities of Francis Crick and “took great delight in soap bubble models,” illustrating a love of science transcending the need for recognition, which permeated the story. Despite being depicted as a man of with more old-fashioned ideologies, he is still given sufficient credit and pleasure at “the fact that the X-Ray method he had developed… was as the heart of a profound insight into the nature of life…” Maurice Wilkins was the mediator between the scientific genius and the unimpeded excitement and need for recognition which possessed Watson and Crick. Much to Watson’s surprise, upon hearing about their success, “there was not a hint of bitterness in [Wilkins’] voice.” His dedication to biology was untouched by the incessant need for recognition which plagued the minds of Francis Crick and James
In a world where having a college degree is becoming more essential than ever, most of the students struggle with completing their degrees. With the dropout rates at an all-time high, they have become one of the main causes of unemployment, poverty and even addiction among adults. The fear of dropout in colleges also has led to many students not even considering a degree in the first place. There are many causes which has led to an ever increasing rate of students dropping out of college.
Maurice Wilkins: This scientist is seen as somewhat sexist, because he does not believe in the potential of Rosalind’s scientific abilities. At the same time, he seemed to be dedicated to work, but Rosalind seems to do a majority of the work.
(5) The teacher uses an understanding of individual and group motivation and behavior to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning, and self-motivation.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating molecule or material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent in chromosomes. It encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Simply put, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. The discovery and use of DNA has seen many changes and made great progress over many years. James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. The three won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for their work (Bagley, 2013). Scientist use the term “double helix” to describe DNA’s winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape looks much like a twisted ladder and gives the DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision.
DNA is important because it is found in all living things like plants and animals. It is located in the nucleus of a cell. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid which is what contains our genetic code. Many scientist contributed to the discovery of DNA and it’s structure. Like Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. Also Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick.
“Education is a social process; education is growth; education is not preparation for life but is life itself.” John Dewey describes and supports progressivism, an education philosophy that I professionally identify with. Progressivism is a student centered philosophy that focuses on experiences, opportunities, and values that enhance a student 's learning and life. The role of the teacher is to act primarily as a facilitator of learning, they encourage and guide students to explore and promote individual development. As a future educator I believe it is important to involve students and allow them to take responsibility for their own learning and achieving their goals. The role of the student is to discover, engage, and express themselves.
The future of our nation rests greatly on how we educate our children. The children of today will soon be the driving force of tomorrow. In order to properly prepare our future citizens of society, we must provide them with an education that teaches them not only the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also social skills and critical thinking. Progressivism offers this approach of educating the “whole child.” This student-centered approach to learning applies learning in a social manner and allows students to apply what they are learning to real life. This type of learning is much more meaningful than rote learning. Curriculum and assessment are based on the child and their level of interest and ability, and instruction is varied to adjust to different learning styles. Children learn by doing, and progressivism believes in incorporating a hands-on approach to learning. The teacher in the progressive classroom is not a dictator but more of a mentor and guide to the student. She takes the children into consideration in everything she does and allows them to offer their input. The progressivist teacher also facilitates social interaction among the students and groups them together for projects so that they may learn how to work cooperatively. Progressivism is the key to a more educated, better-rounded society.