Department of Political Science and Humanities
The Final Research Paper
December 4th, 2013
State Building and Political Development
Kohistani ID# 8709
Professor: Isaqzadeh
State Building (POL-335)-Sections One
The 2013 Fall Semester
Modernization in Afghanistan vs. India
The political scientists, economists, philosophers, and other scientists have different views and ideas about development and modernization such as, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Lenin, Baron, and Frank are the different scientist that introduced development theory. Similarly, this paper offers a discussion of modernization theory between two Asian countries; which is Afghanistan modern era during king Amanullah khan and India in the colonial power by British. I want to elaborate their reform toward modernization, that how they completed their reforms, what were the advantages and dis advantages of these reforms. How the reforms did were benefit for the people and both countries transformed modernization politically, economically, socially, and technologically. However, according to the modernization theory in these two countries was not happened by same factors, both have deferent ideology, deferent views, and deferent strategies.
Afghanistan is a mountain country which is located in central Asia and established in 1747 by Ahmad Shad Baba. He mostly interested to form an empire and a macro society from different ethnic tribes, but he did not established legal institutions and strong government with strong army he use his personalized skill and he mainly rely on the resources and booties of India because he did not collect taxes from ...
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...em under one umbrella with common interest and enemy.
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The Taliban, a forceful political association against women’s rights, ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 (Hayes, Brunner, and Rowen). Predominantly, they believe in the religion of Islam, as do most Afghans, and that males are the dominant gender (Hayes, Brunner, and Rowen). They controlled Afghanistan under their “version” of the Islamic laws which many others did not agree with (Campaign for Afghan Women and Girls). The Taliban is composed of Afghan men of various ages who did not grow up in Afghanistan, therefore know little about their country’s culture (Campaign for Afghan Women and Girls). The leader of the Taliban from 1994 to 2001 was Mohammed Omar, a religious leader that, over time, gained more and more followers (Bellamy). Eventually he ousted the Afghanistan government and gained control of the country (Bellamy). The Taliban only ruled for five years, but what they did has left a scarring mark on the country of Afghanistan.
Afghanistan since its beginning has been a place of conflict, despair, and at times lost hope. It has been taken advantage of and lost its sense of identity, which has had a direct effect on its people, and there own sense of what justice truly is.
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The benefits of civilization were therefore justified, and the promoters of social justice were of great importance to the communities living in India and its environs. The Indian community could have proceeded with their retrogressive activities were they not exposed by civilization. The policies and practices that were introduced provided an opportunity for Indians to adapt to the changes that come with modernization and this brought about cultural and social justice.
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After the fall of Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan Kalakani ruled for a short term and then the Musahiban family ruled over Afghanistan from 1929-1978. The Musahiban family halted the social changes that Amanullah Khan wanted to make which moved it away from developing the economy, state building and modernization. The economy was the same as it was at the turn of the century. The Musahiban family followed the policy of encapsulated modernization. They only focused on the centers the countryside areas remained untouched because of the fear of rising revolts. Under the Musahbian family they did not impose any changes or taxes, especially no taxes in cash which means they made the rural economy remain untouched. This means that there was no surplus to invest in the state, the state did not do that because they had no money and the private owners didn’t do that was because everyone was a small landowner and did not have money to invest into factories. Although, today the period from 1929-78 has been marked as a period of relatively political, social and economical stability, infrastructure development, and positive neutralism, this period also experienced some domestic and foreign policy failure like royal family fractions, political stagnation, political unstable reforms and Pashtunistan foreign policy failure. However, If Amanullah Khans reforms had continued we might have been able to modernize Afghanistan. Railroads, central bank, currency, modern bureaucracy, direct taxes, capitalist development, state land was given to people, private property, constitution, established one of the first factories for producing consumer goods (these changes would have transformed Afghanistan if they had continued under Musahiban, abolished slaver...
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For the country that is located between the middle east, east Asia, and south Asia, much of the violence is a result of internal conflict. In 1992 the communist government of Afghanistan collapsed and the country was declared the Islamic state of Afghanistan. As a result, many groups refused to acknowledge the new power, leading the country into a civil war. Armed groups turned to support from various countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, and the USA. In 1996 the Taliban drove the existing government out of office and took over Kabul installing the
Mousavi, Sayed Askar. The Hazaras Of Afghanistan. A Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997.
“He pointed to an old man dressed in ragged clothes trudging down a dirt path, a large burlap sack filled with scrub grass tied to his back. “That’s the real Afghanistan, Agha sahib. That’s the Afghanistan I know. You? You’ve always been a tourist here, you just didn’t know it.” —Amir, Farid (Chapter
Afghanistan; Taliban controlled, discrimination and love everywhere yet nowhere at the same time. It’s a nation where culture and tradition are of immense importance, especially to the older generation. Over 53% of Afghan population is below the poverty line, making the country one of the Earth’s poorest. Life would be lived on a day to day basis, not knowing if it’s safe to be outside, when...
II. i. The politics relating to Afghanistan is the greatest factor in the change of zeitgeist, which Afghanistan experienced since the King’s, Muhammad Zahir Shah, cousin General Mohammad Daoud Khan, usurped the throne in 1973. Following the coup d’etat, years of short-term rulers exchanged power. Communistic ideas filled the country, as Afghanistan’s rulers became more leftist, believing in Marxist ideas and concepts. The Soviet Union invaded the country and using education to manipulate the children of a foreign country to influence the spread of communism and the formation of a strong communist party in the middle east. The zeitgeist experienced major changes as European ideas flushed into Afghanistan. As seen in “A Thousand Splendid Suns” by Khaled Hosseini, the education of women increased and Afghanistan started to develop a Western-influenced culture, changing from its once conservative culture to a country where in Kabul women
BOSE, Sugata and JALAL Ayesha. Modern South Asia: history, culture, political economy. London, Routledge, 2011
Modernization is the term used for the transition from the traditional society of the past to modern society as it is found today in the West. Modernization theory refers to a variety of non-Marxist perspectives which have been put forward to explain the development or underdevelopment of countries. Modernization theory is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of differing levels of technological development among societies. Modernization theory presents the idea that by introducing modern methods in "technology, agricultural production for trade, and industrialization dependent on a mobile labour force," the underdeveloped countries will experience a strengthening in their economies. Modernization theory offers an account of the common features of the process of development drawing on the analysis of Durkheim and Weber. Development implies the bridging of these gaps by an imitative process, occurring in stages, such that traditional sectors and/or countries gradually assume the qualities of the 'modern' western countries. There are many proponents of Modernization Theory, such as, Walter Rostow, W.A. Lewis, Talcott Parsons, and Daniel Lerner, however the theory has it's roots in the ideas of Durkheim and Weber. The proponents of the modernization theory all felt that the rest of the world needed to look to the Western model of modernity and pattern their society like the West in order to progress. Modernization theory was developed as an alternative to the Marxist account of social development. Modernization Theory Divides the World into two kinds of societies: "modern" and "traditional." Traditional societies are backward looking : Dominated by religious a...