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routine activity theory paper
Limitations of routine activity theory
piracy the most overlooked crime
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Modern piracy has touched nearly every corner of the globe and has increased with globalization. The tentacles of piracy now extend from South America to the South China Sea. The greatest numbers of piracy incidents occur along maritime commercial trade routes. Since China dominates the world’s container shipping industry, the South China Sea has become a hotspot for piracy (Kraska 2011). The prominence of cargo activity increases opportunity for pirates and indisputably triggered the sixty- nine incidents of piracy that were reported in 2009 in the South China Sea (Kraska 2011).
The Horn of Africa is also a hotspot for piracy, primarily Somali pirates (Kraska 2011). In 2010, Somali pirates successfully attacked 219 ships on the waters around the Horn of Africa (up two from the previous year) and have expanded their operations to roughly 2,500 miles from Somalia’s coast (Kraska 2011). Successful captures of vessels usually include many hostages that can be held for ransom. The number of hostages held by pirates in Somalia increased from 263 in 2009 to 1,181 in 2010 (Kraska 2011).
The intensification of pirate attacks supports the need for crucial investigations of the incident and the participants involved. This paper will attempt to establish the link between piracy and its victims by examining piracy as demonstrated through the lens of routine activity theory. I will utilize piracy as it occurs on the waters off of the coast of Somalia and analyze three components that must be present for piracy to transpire.
It is first beneficial to know the definition of piracy. Piracy has been characterized multiple ways from multiple disciplines. For the purpose of this paper, I will apply the definition of piracy from the 1982 United ...
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...nuclear and chemical waste into the unsupervised waters.
Conclusion
Routine activity theory satisfies the answer to why ransom, resources, and waste piracy occurs. The theory provides insight and an alternative approach to the notion that pirates terrorists, seeking money and power. Piracy will continue until the international community recognizes Somalia’s instability, the illegal dumping of waste and extraction of resources occurring in Somali waters. Resources and waste piracy would cease with the reformation of Somalia’s government. If authority figures were present, the illegal intruders could be held accountable for their actions. An improvement in Somalia’s economy would reduce, if not prevent, ransom piracy from occurring. If Somalis had valuable and paying occupations on land, they would not need to resort to other means of compensation (Bahadur 2011).
Piracy today cannot be related to that of international law consent, because pirates do not act on behalf of their governments, this has long ended and the act of privateering was replaced with the navy.
Piracy is typically an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea ( History of Piracy, )
Since around the 19th century piracy has declined from great tales of grandeur and adventure, Instead turning to small dingys of african pirates holding up cargo ships in trade routes. In conclusion, although the golden age of piracy has come to an end, the legendary stories of famous, ruthless, and cunning pirates still live on in movies and books reminding us of times where you couldnt go out for a swim without being kidnapped or strung up to the yardarm of a ship!
However, despite the strong copyright policy and punishment of the United States Federal Copyright Act, as enforced by police as well as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), piracy still rages on, especially...
Piracy is said to be the one of the oldest profession that has been conducted for at least 5,000 years. The history of piracy is also the history of the irregular advancement of the nations and their trading patterns rather than simply the patterns of the ‘black market’ smuggling during the age of exploration. A struggle for authority and profit, piracy focuses on attacking the maritime commerce and a pirate works where the best booty can be sized most easily. The height of piracy occurred when the Spanish domination over the
During the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries, piracy was rampant in the Atlantic, specifically in the West Indies. Piracy has existed since the earliest days of ocean travel, for a range of personal and economic reasons. However, one of the major reasons why piracy was wide spread and rampant in the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries was Great Britain’s endorsement and usage of piracy as an asset; in wars fought in the New World. Great Britain with its expanding power and conflicts with other nations would make piracy a lifestyle and lay down the foundation for the Golden Age of Piracy and eventually bring what it created to a screeching halt.
Somalia, located on the East coast of Africa, is in much turmoil. It’s filled with civil unrest and piracy. Although the other countries surrounding Somalia are feeling the impact of the civil unrest, almost the whole world is impacted by the piracy in Somali waters. Piracy Is a major issue in Somalia. Although improving, it still remains a threat to the crews of the ships in the waters off the coast and the prosperity of the surrounding countries and the addition of armed guards to the boats is a necessary solution.
Many have heard tales of daring, swashbuckling pirates sailing the seas on adventurous quests for buried treasure, but few people, however; have heard of the horrific buccaneers roaming in the waters. Some of the most beloved pirates today are loved and well-known for their great displays of audacity and selflessness. Pirates like these have been romanticized, and created to seem better than pirates and piracy actually are. Romanticized pirates have turned thoughts away from the true gravity of pirating, and how vicious and cruel the nature of pirating truly is. There are many misconceptions about pirates due to romanticized ideas.
The history of piracy dates back more than 3000 years. “It appears that the word pirate (peirato) was first used in about 140 BC by the Roman historian Polybius. The Greek historian Plutarch, writing in about 100 A.D., gave the oldest clear definition of piracy. He described pirates as those who attack without legal authority not only ships, but also maritime cities (http://www.piratesinfo.com/history/history.php).” The most common meaning of the word pirate recognizes them as an outlaw and a thief. Anyone who was caught and tried with the act of piracy would be sentenced to death.
In this paper, I will attempt to describe the piracy problem in China, discuss how the Chinese government is dealing with it, present the global effect, and finally arrive at what would be an ethical solution to piracy fitting for China's situation.
"4 Ways In Which Internet Piracy Can Be a Good Thing." MakeUseOf. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014.
Tharoor, Ishaan. "How Somalia's Fishermen Became Pirates." Time. Time Inc., 18 Apr. 2009. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
Although Britain cannot be blamed though for lack of trying, piracy still exists today. Yet, because the act continues at sea often far from land, it gains little media attention, and therefore less action from governments. China, despite being a number one producer of pirates, continues to deny that there is a problem while at the same time often pardoning those who are caught. Countries such as Indonesia and Philippines, which have been hardest hit in the past few years by pirates, are looking for international assistance. The West is, of course, looked to for solutions yet choose seemingly chooses to turn a blind eye, perhaps in the name of diplomacy. When the world is ready to combat the perpetual problem of piracy, it may discover that by intertwining tougher policies aimed at dealing with piracy with current or future trade negotiations, productive steps can be taken to initiate plans to curtail modern day sea wolves who prey on the helpless. The suggestion of ‘Piracy Charters’ will be discussed further as the means of which to add the topic of to multilateral agreements.
“Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships,” The International Maritime Organization, Accessed March 26th, 2014. http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PiracyArmedRobbery/Pages/Default.aspx
Physical piracy-the copying and illegal sale of hard-copy CDs, videotapes, and DVDs-costs the music industry over $4 billion a year worldwide and the movie industry more than $3.5 billion. These numbers do not factor in the growing (and difficult to measure) problem of Internet piracy, in which music and movies are transferred to digital format and copies are made of the resulting computer file. Journalist Charles C. Mann explains why Internet piracy has the potential to be vastly more damaging to copyright industr...