INTRODUCTION India, being the second largest populous country of the world, contributes about 20% of the births worldwide.1 Altough, the country has been experiencing tremendous pressure to control the growth of population, India was the first among all the developing countries which has been implementing official nationwide family planning programs to restrain population growth since 1950.2,3 The acceptance of family-planning program has been influenced by many socio-cultural and demographic factors at levels of individual, family and society.4,5 At the individual level, the positive attitudes of couples towards the use of family planning eventually determine the accomplishment of family planning programs. In the societies, where men are the bread winners and the prime decision makers of the household and family issues, women’s opinion becomes subordinate. Studies have found that, to a married woman, her husband is the most important source of information and he is the most compatible person to discuss family planning issues with her.3 Perhaps, the reason may be men usually exceed women in knowledge and accessibility of information sources.6 Women’s low level of education, low awareness and low autonomy make them dependent on their husband to take decision on family planning, especially in rural areas.7 Hence, in India, for several decades, women’s attitudes and behaviour towards fertility control through family planning has gained much attention of the demographers and social scientists.8 Conversely, men have been paid little attention by the researchers in the family planning issues, though men and women both are biologically partners in reproduction process. In fact for many years men were absent from most of the large sca... ... middle of paper ... ...lik AM, Bukhari IAS, Tahir AR. Male contraception; knowledge, attitude and practice among male population of hansra basti bhawalpur. Professional Med J. 2013;20(4): 591-594. 15. Bawah AA et al., Women’s fears and men’s anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana, Studies in Family Planning, 1999, 30(1):54–66. 16. Char A, Saavala M, Kulmala T. Male Perceptions on Female Sterilization: A Community-Based Study in Rural Centra India. International Perspectives on Sexual and ReproductiveHealth.2009; 35(3):131–138 17. Drennan M. Reproductive Health. New perspectives on men's participation. Population reports, series J: Family planning programs. 1998; Oct (46): 1-35. 18. Roudi F, Ashford L. Men and Family planning in Africa. Washington DC, Population reference Bureau (PRB), Jul 1996; (2) 3-20. Reproductive health training material.
Disadvantages of giving birth in Mali are numerous as one would be deprived of excellent medical facilities provided in any other country in a safe and clean hospital environment. Due to poverty, scarcity of midwives and proper child bearing centers, women have to give birth to children at home many a times. Also birth process is culturally related in Mali where circumcision of male and clitoridectomy for female is performed on the eighth day of the child’s birth in the cities of Mali. But in rest of the areas circumcision is incorporated along with other set of rituals which are performed on the occasion of the naming ceremony of the child. In Mali traditionally male and female development marked the growth from childhood to adulthood and they believe in passing of traditional and religious knowledge from old to new generation.
"Men's Involvement in Women's Reproductive Health Projects and Programmes in the Philippines: part 1 of 2." Reproductive Health Matters 7. 14. (1999): 1-9
3. Chandra A; Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J (November 2005). Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 17, 90. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Concluding the research “Overall, 3% of women reported that a clinician had discussed emergency contraception with them in the past year, and 4% of those who had ever had sex with a man reported having used the method. Only 4% of those who had seen a gynecologist in the past year reported having received counseling. Women's likelihood of having received counseling was reduced if they were 30 or older (odds ratio, 0.2), and was elevated if they were Hispanic (4.1), black (2.6) or ever-married (2.4). Receipt of counseling in the last 12 months was the strongest predictor of eve...
Cross culturally fertility and childbearing are a major concern due to the significance of passing on heritage, family names, and values to the next generation. Additionally, in many cultures the children are responsible for the care of their parents when they become elderly. Infertility is a universal concern in both Western and developing countries. It is estimated that up to 168 million people across the globe are affected with infertility. The bulk of these cases reside within developing countries (Vayena & Rowe, 2002). When couples are having trouble conceiving a child it is a source of distress for both partners (Helman, 2007, p. 176). This distress can be manifested in a variety of ways that adversely affect the family structure.
For thousands of years, people have used various birth control methods to limit the number of children in their families. Birth control encompasses a wide range of devices along with rational and irrational methods that have been used in an attempt to prevent pregnancy. It has been and remains controversial. Today, birth control is an essential part of life. In fact, 99% American women of childbearing age report using some form of contraception at one time or another (NIBH). In his book, The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution, author Jonathan Eig writes "For as long as men and women have been making babies, they 've been trying not to” (Gibson). He reports that early contraceptive options offered
This review shows that the decision for a woman to use ECP depend on individual situations in terms of age, country of residence, level of education, past reproductive experiences as well as depth of religious commitment. It also shows that a number of social and psychological factors may further influence emergency contraceptive use. Unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion are major public health burden that has not been effectively tackled over the last decades despite the scaling up of reproductive and family health services. Understanding the reason for this trend will enable the development of focus innovative interventions to tackle this problem. Adequate and correct information about this method of contraception among young adult is therefore imperative in strategizing on how to reverse this trend and help secure the reproductive health of our women.
Rocca, C. H., & Harper, C. C. (2012). Do Racial and Ethnic Differences in Contraceptive Attitudes and Knowledge Explain Disparities In Method Use?. Perspectives On Sexual & Reproductive Health, 44(3), 150-158. doi:10.1363/4415012
National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). Fertility, family planning, and women's health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
In India, women are being manipulated to stop having children after their second birth. Officials claim that by regulating population and the pregnancies of women after their second child they will be able to empower women by offering them contraceptive choices and child care facilities. In reality, if women do not agree to be sterilized after their second birth they will be denied health care, rations for cheaper food, bank loans, and enrolment in government housing. Another major concern for women is the high rate of infant mortality in India. If women are sterilized after two births and lose one or both of their children, they will never be able to become pregnant again. Instead of the population control plan providing women with child care aid and options, they are removing their rights and their choices.
Female contraception was first defined in the late 1800’s as the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various techniques, drugs, or devices. The access of female contraception for women has been a subject of debate for thousands of years. Women should have access to contraception because of the health benefits it provides not only physically, but mentally. The use of female contraception supports gender equality, and lastly, the use of contraception provides new arguments against an aging Catholic church.
A recent study in Zimbabwe shows “the number of married women using contraceptives has increased by 14 percent since 2010” ("Promiscuity on the Rise? Survey"). This could be linked to the number of divorces and cheating in marriages. Nearly half of all marriages fail. Cheating is only one of the many reasons. Cheating increases the promiscuity in the society as well. However, men aren’t the only ones to blame for this, “the number of women who reported having extramarital affairs has increased by 40 percent since 1990.” ("Women Are Cheating on Their Husbands More Than Ever, Experts Claim"). Married women have a growing desire to have more sex and their husbands are not meeting their personal demands, consequently, they find it
Teenage pregnancy is an important and a widespread problem in India revolving to public health studies. Although, in India minimum age of marriage for a female is 18 and male is 22, the law is not been strictly followed by the society. It is now leading to serious social and medical troubles such as maternal and child health problems. Data of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 discovered that 16% of women, aged 15-19 years, have already started childbearing. Most of the teenage mother in India has a joint family background. They are not allowed to take any decisions according to their desires. Their life is been shaped by family me...
Child marriage is a popular practice in India and Middle Eastern countries. It is defined as “a formal union before the age of eighteen” (unicef). In some cases the husband can be more than twice the age of the young girl. The median age of women at the time of their marriage is starting to increase, although this primarily includes women in higher income families. Seen as taboo in western countries, the practice is common in rural towns in places like India and Yemen. As a result of the marriage many young girls get pregnant, which is a serious health risk due to their underdeveloped bodies. The practice of child marriage takes away a young woman’s right to an education and also poses serious health risks.
Yao, J., Murray, A.T. and Agadjanian, V., 2013. A geographical perspective on access to sexual and reproductive health care for women in rural Africa. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 96, 60