CASE SCENARIO ESSAY: TOPIC 1
After a motor vehicle accident Tom was left with an acquired brain injury with damage to the frontal lobe and the left temporal lobe. As a result Tom has been experiencing many difficulties, in particular with his memory. Memory refers to the mental capacity to retain information and convert it into a form that can be stored and retrieved at a later time. Storing and retrieving memories involves passing information from one stage to the next and then retrieving that information from long-term memory. (Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2012, p.261) Memory is an integral part of human survival and without it, learning new skills, such as the ones required by Tom to regain his loss of function, could never prevail.
Memory has been of interest to psychologists since the late nineteenth century (Burton et al. 2012, p.260) and as a result, numerous models have emerged to help explain the processes involved in the formation of a memory. In modern times, it is widely accepted that there are three major components of memory; sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
Sensory memory is considered the first stage in the formation of a new memory. It requires an individual to pay attention to a stimulus. Sperling (1960) stated (As cited in Burton et al., 2012) “sensory registers hold information about a perceived stimulus for approximately half a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation to retain in memory briefly for further processing.” Although all five senses can be retained and used to form a memory, auditory and visual senses are significantly noted in this stage of memory. The term iconic storage is the name given to the short period of time visual informati...
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... (1999). The multiple component model. Retrieved from http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Class/Psy355D/WorkingMemory.pdf
Burton, L., Westen, D., & Kowalski, R. (2000). Psychology (3rd ed.). Australia: John Wiley & Sons.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2014). Wernicke area. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639879/Wernicke-area Mastin, L. (2010) Episodic and semantic memory. Retrieved from http://www.human-memory.net/types_episodic.html
Royal Adelaide Hospital. (2013, July 3). Brain injury rehabilitation service. Retrieved from http://www.rah.sa.gov.au/birs/bi_cognitive_impairment.php Scoville, W. B., Milner, B (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of neurology neurosurgery and psychiatry, 20(11), 11–21. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497229/pdf/jnnpsyc00285-0015.pdf
Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are responsible for both types of amnesia. According to multiple trace theory, the author suggests that hippocampal region plays a major role in effective retrieving of episodic memory (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For example, patients with hippocampal damage show extensively ungraded retrograde amnesia (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). They have a difficult time in retrieving information from their non-personal episodic events and autobiographical memory. However, this theory conflicts with standard model of consolidation. The difference between these theories suggests that researchers need to do more work to solve this controversy. Besides retrieving information, hippocampus is also important in obtaining new semantic information, as well as familiarity and recollection (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For instance, hippocampal amnesic patient V.C shows in ability to acquire new semantic knowledge such as vocabularies and factual concepts (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). He is also unable to recognize and recall even...
The authors of this article stated that “lesions restricted to the hippocampal formation and/or extend hippocampal system can disrupt conscious recollection in anterograde amnesia…” (Gilboa, Winocur, Rosenbaum, Poreh, Gao, Black, Westmacott and Moscovitch 2006). These authors believed that lesions that occurred in this area cause the patient to suffer from anterograde amnesia.
Human memory is flexible and prone to suggestion. “Human memory, while remarkable in many ways, does not operate like a video camera” (Walker, 2013). In fact, human memory is quite the opposite of a video camera; it can be greatly influenced and even often distorted by interactions with its surroundings (Walker, 2013). Memory is separated into three different phases. The first phase is acquisition, which is when information is first entered into memory or the perception of an event (Samaha, 2011). The next phase is retention. Retention is the process of storing information during the period of time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information from that event (Samaha, 2011). The last stage is retrieval. Retrieval is recalling stored information about an event with the purpose of making an identification of a person in that event (Samaha, 2011).
Krech,D., Crutchfield, S. R., Livson, N., Wilson, W.S., Parducci, A. (1982). 'Elements of Psychology'. (4th edition). USA, NY: Knopf Inc.
Memory is an important and active system that receives information. Memory is made up of three different stages sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. According to the power point presentation, sensory memory refers to short storage of memory that allows an individual to process information as it occurs. Short term memory refers to memory that is only available for a limited time. It is information that is held for seconds or sometimes even minutes. Long term memory refers to memory that is stored for a long period of time and it has an unlimited capacity with the ability to hold as much information as possible. Retrieval is key and it allows individuals to have memories. Episodic memory refers to memory for events that we
The second stage of memory processing is storage. Aronson et al. (2013) defines storage as the process by which people store the information they just acquired. Unfortunately, memories are affected by incoming information through alteration or reconstruction. This phenomenon is referred to as recon...
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352–373. doi:10.1037/h0020071
The first stage of memory is the sensory memory. Sensory memory holds sights, sounds, smells, textures, and other sensory impressions for only a few seconds, and it operates on an unconscious level. (Zimbardo, P., & Johnson, R. (2013). Memory. In Psychology: Core Concepts With Dsm-5 Update (pp. 177-179). Pearson College Div.)This stage of memory is the shortest element of memory. Sensory memory has the ability to retain impressions of different sensory information. Sensory memory is the ultra-short term memory and it retains brief impressions of the sensory stimuli after the stimulus has ended. It holds the shortest impression of sensory information and even when the sensory system does not send information the sensory memory still holds the shortest impression. There are many different issues and characteristics of the sensory memory; it has a high capacity to form memory registration of visual data, and the information that’s stored is un-interpreted, and the it the visual information fades away after less than a second. In order to use the information in your sensory memory, you must encode the information quickly. The sensory memory is the hardest memory to grasp and most of what we sense is forgotten. Sensory memory allows the eye to have a larger field of vision by remembering images that your eye has already focused on. The sensory memory, in general, allows us to maintain incoming sensory information long enough for us to screen it and determine if it is important. (Zimbardo, P., & Johnson, R. (2013). Memory. In Psychology: Core Concepts With Dsm-5 Update (pp. 177-179). Pearson College Div.)
Amnesia, a severe long-term memory loss disease, is caused by damaged brain tissue. There are two different types of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is also known as backward moving. This is when you have a hard time remembering the past, especially episodic memories. This occurs because of memory consolidation. Memory consolidation is the process of a new memory setting until it becomes permanently in the brain. If this process is disrupted, the memory may be lost (Hockenberry and Hockenberry page 265). Anterograde amnesia is also known as forward moving. This is when you are unable to form new
Memory is the brain’s ability to collect, encrypt and retrieve information. There are three types of memory: sensory, short-term, and long term. Sensory memory is the first step of memory. The brain takes in the information but does not store it for more than a few seconds. Short-term memory is the second step where the brain works on the information obtained from sensory memory. Sensory memory is not long-term, meaning it is not stored very long. Long-term memory is the brain’s ability to store short-term memory into information that can later be retrieved. Long-term memory does not have a length of time that it is stored. It is archived in the brain and can be retrieved minutes, days, and many years later after it is stored.
Making and storing memories is a complex process involving many regions of the brain. (3). Most experts agree that we have two stages of memories - short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory is the immediate memory we have when we first hear or perceive someth...
Email, lettre, disc... The memory acts in the same way and info are supported by specific codes: sensorial codes, motor codes and symbolic codes. A special memory exists to each different info: tactual, visual, auditory and olfactory but these codes don’t have the same importance. Visual and auditory codes are the most important codes because they are the primary means of language in the memory. The auditory code is concerned with longer times than the visual one. (You remember longer a sequence of letters if you hear them than if you see them).
In the sensory memory is the information that is given to a person by their senses, i.e. what a person feels, hears, tastes, smells or sees is stored within this memory. Any information stored within this memory on...
Tulving, E. and Craik, F. (2000) The Oxford handbook of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning.