There are many cases of death through heart disease, heart attack, and other heart related problems. To find a possible cure, or help, scientists have invented stents. Stents are spring like objects that expand outward to open a clotted area. Although stents were invented and helped heal a vessel, there still, however, were problems. It was then understood that more research should go into the development of stents. This paper talks about one of these research topics. Jared May, Milesh Joshi and Rajeev Nair (2012) agree that, “Stent material is also an important factor in determining a stent’s clinical success” (p.442). So a good topic would be a topic about materials. What materials are best for a stent?
To find the best material for a stent it is first important to identify the types of materials. Additionally, it is important to understand the properties a material should have. First it is important to split the type of materials. There are two main types of material. There are biodegradable stents and there are stents that remain in the human body (Moravej & Mantovani, 2011). There are also many things to take into consideration when choosing the right material. For instance the material should be corrosion resistant because a stent corroding away can harm the human and not function correctly. Additionally, Levesque, Dube, Fiset, and Mantovani (2004) state, “Coronary stents must have excellent mechanical properties to provide strength to artery walls” (p. 45). This ability to have strength prevents restenosis. The malleability also affects the design of the stent (Joshi, & Nair, 2012). Materials need to ,additionally, have a good expansion ratio. They should be extremely flexible and they should be able to facilitate drug ...
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Jin, D. (2004). Materials and Properties for Coronary Stents. Advanced Materials and Processes (pp. 45-48). Québec City: Laval University.
May, J., Joshi, N. N., & Nair, R. (2012). Application of Design Simulation and Experimental Design Methodologies to the Study of Coronary Stent Designs. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 9(4), 439-455. doi:10.3722/cadaps.2012.439-455
Moravej, M., & Mantovani, D. (2011). Biodegradable Metals for Cardiovascular Stent Application: Interests and New Opportunities. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 12(7), 4250. doi:10.3390/ijms12074250
Stoeckel, Pelton, Derig (2011) . Self-Expanding Nitinol Stents - Material and Design Considerations (Fremont, California 94539) . Retrieved November 17, 2013, from http://www.nitinol.com/media/reference-library/005.pdf
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement or TAVR is the latest technology used principally for the treatment of aortic stenosis, a condition in which one of the major valves of the heart, the aortic valve, becomes tight and stiff, usually as a result of aging (3). Since many patients who need aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis are too sick to undergo major valve replacement surgery, they are unable to get the treatment they need. With the transcatheter aortic valve, this issue is bypassed because this valve can be implanted in the heart by accessing the patient’s heart through an artery in the groin. The valve can be inserted through a wire that can be pushed to the heart and the old valve is simply pushed to the side when the new valve is implanted. This technology has been in use in the US with Edwards’ Sapiens valve since 2011 and has saved the lives of many patients with aortic stenosis (4). Medtronic’s CoreValve uses similar technology and has won patent fights in Europe and has been in use internationally. However, within U.S., Medtronic has not been...
The purpose for the stent was to hold the coronary artery open to allow the blood to flow more freely.
Many experiments later, a device was born. In the late 1960s a man by the name of Carpentier developed the first annuloplasty ring (Christenson & Kalangos, 2009). He created the device in an attempt to reduce the size of the mitral valve and as a result decrease the severity of the mitral regurgitation (Lantada et al., 2009). Annuloplasty rings are designed to aid in the repair of the mitral valve. The repair of a mitral valve is preferred over complete replacement. This is mainly due to the fact that the patient is not required to use long term drug therapy following surgery (Buckner et al., 2010). After a valve has been repaired, the annuloplasty ring is sutured onto the patient’s native mitral annulus. The ring not only reconstructs the shape of the mitr...
Alumina and zirconia ceramics have been widely used in orthopaedic hip replacements for the past 30 years. The advantage of using these was lower wear rates than those observed using polymers and metals. Because of the ionic bonds and chemical stability of ceramics, they are relatively biocompatible and therefore more preferable to use than metals and polymers. Alumina is most commonly used as a femoral head component instead of a metal in a hip prosthesis because this would reduce the polyethylene wear that is generated. Alumina is a desirable biomaterial to use in hard tissue implants because of characteristics like excellent wear resistance, high hardness, bio inert, low abrasion rate and good frictional behaviour. Furthermore, it has excellent surface finish as well as high fatigue streng...
According to Batshaw, Roizen, and Lotrecchiano (2013), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is “the persistence of a fetal passage permitting blood to bypass the lungs” (p. 745). This is an inherited heart condition in which the ductus, a small pathway between the pulmonary and the aortic, valves remain open. This cardiovascular problem usually occurs in low birth weight infants. The blood vessels usually naturally closes after birth (Batshaw et al., 2013, p. 96). It becomes atypical if it remains open after the neonatal period. The structure usually closes in typical developing newborns around the initial 24 hours, and anatomical closure is supposed to follow several weeks later (Stanford Children’s Health, 2015). At the point when the ductus arteriosus stays open, the blood from the oxygen-rich aorta blends with the oxygen-poor pulmonary artery causing the higher chance of blood pressure in the lung pathways (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Certain children who have patent ductus arteriosus may be given medication, relying upon the circumstance to standardize the blood and oxygen levels until surgery is performed. Doctor can treat this condition by providing pharmaceutical medicine, catheter-based procedures, and surgery (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).
The Structure and Functions of the Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that convey blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The arteries expand and then constrict with each beat of the heart, a rhythmic movement that may be felt as the pulse. Arteries are usually named from the part of the body that they are found, for example; brachial artery found in the arms, metacarpal artery found in the wrist; or from the organ which they supply as the hepatic artery supplies the liver, pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood the lungs. The facial artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that passes up over the lower jaw and supplies the superficial portion of the face; the haemorrhoidal arteries are three vessels that supply the lower end of the rectum; the intercostal arteries are the arteries that supply the space between the ribs; the lingual artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the tongue. The structure of the artery enables it to perform its function more efficiently.
Cost effectiveness and noninvasiveness seem to be a theme in developing preventative treatments of coronary artery disease. A study presented by the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging proposes that the use of coronary wall MRI would encompass both of these factors. These MRI images compared coronary artery thickness of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. It was found that these images could successfully detect artery wall thickness in asymptomatic patients who would have otherwise not been screened for risk factors.
In combination all of these treatment options can be used to minimize death and risk from cardiovascular disease. In order to stop its rise, fundamental changes have to be made in the Western way of life, so that secondary prevention methods and surgeries do not become a necessity. There is a long road ahead, but it is a path that must be paved if any sweeping changes are to occur.
These kinds of polymers have both some advantages and disadvantages. Although they are bioactive and biodegradable and provide high comppressive strength, Degradation of such polymers leads to undesired tissue response due to producing acid formation in degradation process. Metallic scaffolds are another method for bone repair and regenaration. They provide high compressive strength and enormous permanent strength. Metallic scaffolds are mainly made of titanium and talium metals. The main disadvantages of metallic scaffolds are not biodegradable and also discharge metal ions. Recent studies in metallic scaffolds mainly focus on biodegradable materials which can be used improve bioactivity of metals such as titanium.
Coronary heart disease came in the public eye in the mid-20th century as a disease of pandemic magnitudes and it continues to be a major cause of death in the western world. The fundamental cause of coronary heart disease is Atherosclerosis. The term “atherosclerosis” is the combination of two Greek words which correctly imply the elements of the lesion. The first being “athero” the greek work for gruel which parallels to the necrotic core at the base plaque formation, and “sclerosis” from the Greek word hardening, corresponding to the fibrous cap on the outer layer of the plaque. (Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque : Strategies for Diagnosis and Management, 1, 2)
In United States, according to American Heart Association, Cardiovascular disease also called Heart Disease is number one cause of death in United States. There are different types of heart disease and one of them is Coronary Heart disease or Coronary Artery Disease/CAD. Coronary Artery disease or CAD is the most common type of heart disease for both men and women. It is unannounced and can be a silent killer. CAD is mostly can be from damaged or diseased arteries. Some conditions, habits, or traits may increase the risk of CAD and the more problem shows, th...
Serruys P. W, Gershlick A. H (2005)’ Handbook of drug-eluting stents’ Taylor and francis group: Oxonia
Lidwell and Edgar H. Booth invented the first pacemaker. It was a portable device that consisting of two poles, one of which included a needle that would be plunged into a cardiac chamber. It was very crude, but it succeeded in reviving a stillborn baby at a Sydney hospital in 1928. The decades that followed, inventors came up with increasingly sophisticated versions of the pacemaker. However, these devices; which relied upon vacuum tubes; remained heavy and bulky, affording little or no mobility for patients. Colombian electrical engineer Jorge Reynolds Pombo developed a pacemaker in 1958 weighed 99 lbs and was powered by a 12-volt auto battery. Surgeons at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden were the first to place a fully implantable device into a patient in 1958. Rune Elmqvist and surgeon Ake Senning invented this pacemaker, which was implanted in the chest of Arne Larsson. The first device failed after three hours, the second after two days. Larsson would have 26 different pacemakers implanted in him. He died at the age of 86 in 2001, outliving both Elmqvist and Senning. In the world there are many heart attacks and as people grow they can get abnormalities in there heart(Medlineplus). When someone 's heart stops working it can be fixed with a pacemaker, it makes the heart beat properly. The artificial pacemaker is a wonder of modern science. A small, implantable device that regulates a human heartbeat through electrical impulses have saved millions of lives. The development of this vital medical device owes much to the advances in electronics and communications brought about by the Space Age.Pacemakers may be used for people who have heart problems that cause their heart to beat too slowly. A slow heartbeat is called Bradycardia two common problems that cause a slow heartbeat are sinus node disease and heart block. When your heart
In the US, heart attacks kill more people than any other single cause. Many of the deaths are caused by electrical disturbances in a damaged heart that cause it to fibrillate (Pool). Despite current overwhelming interest in the operations of the human heart, for most of history the human heart has been regarded as a "forbidden organ too delicate to tamper with" (NOVA). In fact, it might have remained so, were it not for World War II where military doctors, faced with massive numbers of injuries ushered the world into our current medical trajectory.
The main risk of atherosclerosis is that it greatly increases the probability of blood clots forming in arteries. Should such clots occur in the carotid or coronary arteries, they can result in strokes or myocardial infarctions, which can be fatal2. This paper seeks to analyze how physical principles can be used to elucidate the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and its effects on the human body.