The end of the Spanish Civil War brought a completely new kind of nation-state into existence. Never before (or after) Fascist Spain did such a conservative, militaristic, and anti-communist state exist in modern Europe. General Francisco Franco’s iconoclastic Spain demanded a complementary scientific structure. The resulting autarkic science was ideologically aligned with Franco, and wholly functional to state power. This autarkic science was not conjured up out of nowhere: it was created out of the ashes of Spain’s previous scientific structure, which was largely obliterated by the Civil War. A year after the end of the war, almost half of all former Spanish science university professors had been forced out of their position due to exile, Franco’s purges, or death. The science of Fascist Spain was denied a life of its own. It was radically beholden to the state, so it changed quickly in response to changes in the state’s objectives. Because the Nationalists so successfully exorcised previous scientific tradition, the state was free to re-make science into whatever it pleased. Spanish science, then, clearly reflected Franco’s shifting goals. Drawing conclusions about, say, American politics from American science is often difficult because funding decisions are not wholly controlled by the state, and there is a robust scientific tradition of resisting total government control. Scientists who shared Franco’s political views soon filled the university positions abdicated by Franco’s opponents. The new scientific elite was considerably more concerned with direct, practical application of their work to the military than those who they replaced. Scientists and mathematicians whose work did not directly benefit the regime... ... middle of paper ... ...nference of the European Society for the History of Science, Barcelona, November 18-20, 2010. Sánchez-Ron, José M., and Roca-Rosell, Antoni. “Spain's First School of Physics: Blas Cabrera's Laboratorio de Investigaciones Físicas.” Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 8, Research Schools: Historical Reappraisals (1993): 127-155. Santesmases, Mariala Jesual S., “Peace Propaganda and Biomedical Experimentation: Influential Uses of Radioisotopes in Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics in Spain (1947–1971).” Journal of the History of Biology, (2006) 39: 765–794 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-006-9112-6 Shneidman, J. Lee, ed., Spain & Franco 1949-59. New York: Facts on File Press, 1973. Time. “A Defiant Franco Answers His Critics”. Time, 0040781X, 10/13/1975, Vol. 106, Issue 15 Wolff, Milton. FASCIST SPAIN: Menace to World Peace. New York: Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 1947.
These were pivotal times in the annals of world history in the 20th century. Mussolini and Hitler’s rise to power was clearly a threat to the freedoms of the United States and its Allies. Through God’s grace and omnipotence, the US alliance, industrialization and intellectual might, we had the resources required to overcome the fierce and mighty threat of Fascism in the Free World.
The essay starts off by stating, “One could say that the dominant scientific world-view going into the 16th century was not all that “scientific” in the modern sense of the
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain." In Sources of Making of the West, by Katarine J. Lualdi, 269-273. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009.
Peeler, John A. Latin American Democracies. Chapel Hill, NC and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Print.
Gesink, Indira. "Fascism, Nazism and Road to WWII." World Civilizations II. Baldwin Wallace University. Marting Hall, Berea. 3 April 2014. Class lecture.
Pavel V. Oleynikov, “German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project, the Nonproliferation Review”, (2000), http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/72pavel.pdf.
Most scientists want to be able to share their data. Scientists are autonomous by nature. Begelman (1968) refutes an argument made by I. L. Horowitz who is a scientist that believes that the government is in “gross violations of the autonomous nature of science”. B...
Goldstein, Tom. "Nazi Germany and the Spanish Civil War: Continuity in Hitler's Foreign Policy." Janus. Janus; the University of Maryland Undergraduate History Journal, Feb. 2002. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.
’ [20] See David Mitchell, ‘The Spanish Civil War,’ p.4.
Fascism in Europe rose and spread quickly because of the World War I which left very complex and sptriual vacuum behind.Europe was shaken by violent political and economic convulsions and in half of Europe the old conservative order had dissappeared.The moral values of the world of yesterday had vanished and the middle calsses had become very poor.In fact, the last vestiges of civilization seemed threatened by a new, highly popular phenomenon whose name is Bolshevism.Those who believed that a strong leadership and a new order were needed but who found communism unaccaptable craved a political alternative and it was the fascism.Fascism was nationalist,elitist and antiliberal and als...
Olley, J. (01-Dec-2006). A Historical Analysis of the Spanish American War; 1898 - Associated Content. Retrieved July 20, 2008, from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/93329/a_historical_analysis_of_the_spanish.html
Earlier Science was treated as an institution but now, it includes many things like "scientific experiments, "theories" etc. The authors argue that this knowledge should viewed in terms of "socially constructed" and not the one known as "scientific truth". This article points that in the social constructivist view, the 'science' it is just another system of knowledge which contains empirical researches and studies. It is basically concerned with what is "truth", how it has emerged, accepted and explained in social domain. ...
The struggle for power and balance between the young, developing academies and the formidable Church affected the lives of prominent Italian Scientists, such as Copernicus and Galileo, during the Scientific Revolution
Francisco Franco was an army general and dictator that ruled over Spain from 1939 until he died in 1975. He made his rise to dictatorship during the Spanish Civil War. Help from Germany and Italy set up his forces to overthrow the Second Republic. Adopting the title of “El Caudillo”, The Leader, Franco persecuted his political opponents and repressed the culture and language of Spain’s regions. He censured the media and took absolute control over the country. If it wasn’t for the lack of involvement in World War II, Franco’s dictatorship may have been brought down or not lasted until his death.