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Factors affecting second language learning
Essay about stages of first language acquisition
Factors affecting second language learning
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“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart,” proclaimed Nelson Mandela. Language is the key to talking with someone. Language is the key to reaching out to someone. Language is the key to true communication. How is a language learned to begin with? A first language, a person’s mother tongue, is acquired through a mixture of nurture, nature, biology and the environment. A baby picks up the sounds around him and then pieces together where one word ends and the next one begins. A child usually fully learns a language by age five (Mahoney). It is from the acquisition of a first language that a child is able to move on and learn another language. A child can …show more content…
The learner must go through various stages in the process of completely picking up the second language. The first stage is the silent/receptive stage. This stage is the start of the learning and lasts a for few months. The learner is not always silent, but the learner is trying to pronounce the new words and therefore is not speaking very much (Education.cu-portland.edu). It is unclear what the L2 learners actually learn here but it is known that there definitely is some level of learning (Lakshmanan and Selinker 397). The second stage of L2 learning is the early production stage. The learner understands around one thousand words and begins to speak short, grammatically incorrect phrases. This is when the learner begins to attempt to talk in the new language. The third stage is the speech emergence stage. Here, the speaker’s vocabulary reaches approximately three thousand words and the user starts to use the second langue in reading and writing. Stage four of second language acquisition is intermediate fluency. The learner’s vocabulary reaches around six thousand words and the learner uses complex sentences and even begins to think in the newly acquired second language. The last stage of L2 learning is the advanced fluency stage. It can take up to two years to reach this point and up to ten years to fully master this newly acquired language
Language acquisition begins with babies. The initial sounds are babbling and cooing, then they try to imitate what they hear. Eventually, they can say a word. They learn the rules and grammar of their home language Rowe and Levine)
This brings a responsibility to the parents to make sure that they care for their child so that they can enhance their native language and possibly others as well. Children’s brains develop fast and it starts to create the foundation for their learning in the future. How parents care for their children can truly impact them in their development and learning skills. One important aspect that parents can do is talk to their child as much as possible. This starts to introduce children to different sounds and words in their native language and can help them develop their language skills. It can help children develop their language skills much faster. Another thing that parents can do is show positive reinforcement to their children by clapping when they begin to develop language skills. When they are infants, they use their body language or make eye contact to communicate with their parents. Showing positive reinforcement to these beginning stages of language can positively impact the growth of their language skills. This topic is important because it shows how crucial this period of time is in the development of language
Language, despite its complexity, is often the key to one self-discovery in the world. Malcolm X, a minister and a civil right activist, describes in his personal narrative “Homemade Education,” how his experience of learning how to read and write in prison changed his life as he became both an articulate speaker and writer and the face of the civil right movement. Similarly, Helen Keller, a woman who is both deaf and blind since infancy, talks about her struggles in the except “A Word For Everything” about learning a new language, but how in return, opened her to all the joys and horrors of the world. Like the authors listed above and many others in the world, I also had an experience concerning language and how it changed my perspective
Language is used to preserve and transfer culture and cultural ties. Diverse ideas branch from differing language use within one’s culture and the whole intertwining of these relationships start at one’s birth. I have to agree with Confucius when he said that we are all born exactly the same; it is only once a child is exposed to their surroundings that they become individuals in and of their cultural group. Every individual’s views are dependent on the culture which has influenced them, as well as the language which has been shaped by that culture. The understanding of a culture and its people can be enhanced by the knowledge of their language. And learning a new language involves the learning of a new culture (Allwright & Bailey
Verbal and written language is how people communicate with each other and encourage thoughts, achieve goals, and build relationships. Speaking a single, or multiple languages, and growing up in different setting can seriously alter the way that people speak the same language. This can either encourage diverse communication or make communication all but impossible. For the most part I speak English fluently, it is the only full language that I can speak and I developed this language growing up in a small farm town in the middle of New Jersey.
How do children acquire language? What are the processes of language acquisition? How do infants respond to speech? Language acquisition is the process of learning a native or a second language. Although how children learn to speak is not perfectly understood, most explanations involve both the observations that children copy what they hear and the inference that human beings have a natural aptitude for understanding grammar. Children usually learn the sounds and vocabulary of their native language through imitation, (which helps them learn to pronounce words correctly), and grammar is seldom taught to them, but instead that they rapidly acquire the ability to speak grammatically. Though, not all children learn by imitation alone. Children will produce forms of language that adults never say. For example, “I spilled milk on hisself” or “Debbie wants a cookie”. This demonstrates that children have the desire to speak correctly and have self-motivating traits to communicate. This supports the theory of Noam Chomsky (1972)-that children are able to learn grammar of a particular language because all intelligible languages are founded on a deep structure of universal grammatical rules that corresponds to an innate capacity of the human brain. Adults learning a second language pass through some of the same stages, as do children learning their native language. In the first part of this paper I will describe the process of language acquisition. The second part will review how infants respond to speech.
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
Babies begin to develop language skills long before they embark on speaking. The foundation for learning language begins before birth by the baby listening and recognizing his/her mother’s heartbeat and voice in the womb. “In a study, researchers played a 2-minute recording of a popular Chinese poem to 60 pregnant women and their unborn babies while monitoring total heart rates. Heart rates rose while the babies listened to their own mother's voice, but they fell and stayed lower while the stranger recited. Obviously, the babies were paying close attention, leading the researchers to suspect they were not only recognizing morn, but beginning to learn the ins and outs of language” (Dawidowska and Harrar (2003))....
With the increasing popularity of dual immersion programs in schools and the widespread notion that language acquisition is something that needs to happen early on life, is there an ideal age to learn a second language (L2)?
Language is a form of verbal communication via words and its pronunciation that is used and comprehended by various people of the same nation, culture, or geographical background. It has been said to be dated back as far as one thousand years ago before writing. Like culture, language is passed on through the process of enculturation. Meaning that it is something that is learned (Kottak, 101). In the video, “TED TALK:
The aim of this essay is to explore language acquisition and compare and contrast different theories of language acquisition and language development. Language in its most basic form is used to communicate our needs and wants. It encompasses a range of modes of delivery including signing, spoken and written words, posture, eye contact, facial expressions and gestures. So how do we learn ‘language’? Are we born with the skills for communication, or is it something that we have to learn or have taught to us? Four theories are looked at in this essay to determine how children acquire and then develop language. These theories include behaviourist, nativist, cognitivist and sociocultural. This essay will highlight some similarities and differences in each theory and what impact these have on a child’s acquisition and development of language. Lastly we will look at the implications of these theories when working with children. Can a classroom teacher deliver a quality literacy program based on just one of these theories or does it need to incorporate components of all four? Sims, (2012) pp. 21 states ‘’High-quality learning experiences in the early years of life enhance children’s cognitive and language skills’’. This places a great responsibility on educators and teachers alike to provide an environment which is rich in learning opportunities that will encourage both the acquisition and development of language.
Learning a first language in childhood is an experience that all normal functioning humans undergo. Learning a second language after childhood, however, is an experience which not everyone attempts or succeeds in. The question of whether learning one’s first language as a child is the same as learning subsequent languages as an adult is one that interests psychologists, scientists and linguists alike. Although in many respects the acquisition process of children learning their first language and adults learning their second, third or fourth language is similar, overall there are striking differences between the manner in which these two groups do so, which mean that the process is not essentially the same across both these groups.
Nearly every member of the human race learns a language or more to the degree of proficiency only in the first few years of life. How children achieve this astonishing skill in such little time has sparked controversial debates among linguists, psychologists, and scientists throughout centuries. Some believe that language is an innate ability possessed by all human beings due to the remarkable function of the brain, while others maintain that language is learned from childhood experience. However, many are beginning to realize that nature and nurture go hand-in-hand when explaining how children develop their language(s). Despite the claims that language is either pre-learned or environmentally learned alone, the combination of both genes and experience better explains the aspects of first language acquisition.
If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language that goes to his heart.” ‒ Nelson Mandela. Since the 1960’s learning a second language has decreased by 30 percent in today’s society. People who wish to learn an additional language often do so to communicate with people who reside in different countries. With an increase in today’s globalization, it is forcing companies throughout the world to break the language barrier. However, with the advancement of technology, numerous citizens find it unnecessary to learn another language, as a translation is at the tip of their fingers. The methods of learning a foreign language can differentiate between people. Nevertheless it has been
Language is the basis of human communication. It is a cultural and social interaction, and the way language is used is influenced by the circumstances in which it takes place (Emmitt, 2010, p. 49; Green, 2006, p. 2). Children become aware that there are different types of language, including languages used at home, at childcare and at school, as they observe and participate in various language situations (Fellowes & Oakley, 2014, p. 39). Some of these languages may be unfamiliar, and children will need to learn the different roles and uses of language. The different roles of language in a child’s life are, therefore, part of their growing understanding of how to behave in society and in a particular context. As they experience different types and uses of language, children develop an understanding of how to use language appropriately for any given situation.