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An allergy is an immune response to substances that are recognized as harmful In most situations, genetic heredity plays a role in what allergy a person acquires. Children inherit their allergy from their parents. (Mills et al., 2007) On the contrary, some of individuals develop certain allergies in spite of their parents. One proposed theory that will be explored in this paper is whether or not the use of vaccines causes us to develop certain allergies. Before that theory can be proven as right or wrong, we must first get a more thorough understanding of the immune system. The Immune System The immune system, which is composed of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, is the body’s innate defense against foreign particles that may show to be harmful or infectious to us. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks potentially dangerous organisms and substances that invade our systems. (Durani, Y., 2012) The immune system’s key players include leukocytes, the lymphoid organs, and the lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize and destroy the harmful invaders. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) make and/or store the leukocytes, and lymphatic vessels are a network of tissues that allow for the leukocytes to circulate through blood or the various lymphoid organs. (Durani, Y., 2012) Leukocytes are broken up into two different subunits: phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes destroy the dangerous organisms. Though the most common type of phagocyte is the neutrophil (which breaks down bacteria), many other cells are known to be phagocytes also. Lymphocytes aid the body in remembering and recognizing prior offenders that may invade again. Lymphocytes a... ... middle of paper ... ...lergies%2F..%255Clibrary%255Callergies%255Cinfo5.asp *Sgreccia, E. (2014, January 10). Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development. Retrieved from http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/human-cell-strains-vaccine-development *Taylor, S. L. (2001). Emerging problems with food allergens. Retrieved March, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x7133m/x7133m03.htm *Types of Food -- Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, Alcohol. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.worldofmolecules.com/foods/ *US Department of Health. (n.d.). Vaccine Development. Retrieved from http://www.flu.gov/prevention-vaccination/vaccine-development/ *Vaccines. (2011, April 19). Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaccines/understanding/pages/howwork.aspx *Why do We have Allergies? (n.d.). Retrieved March, 2014, from http://fightthecauseofallergy.org/page/why-do-we-have-allergies
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The Hematologic System is regarded as the body’s system that regulates the movement of nutrients, molecules (macro and micro molecules), and oxygen to tissues and metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide out of the tissues (Colbert, 2009). The overall role of the hematologic system is to deliver substances needed for cellular metabolism, temperature regulation, defend the body from injury and microbial infections, and maintain the homeostatic balance or acid-base chemistry of the blood and fluid-electrolyte balance. The Hematologic System is principally made up of the blood, blood vessels, and primary organs that manufacture blood cells such as the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and thymus gland (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2009). Blood is made up of three distinct components: red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma, and its role is to transport necessary substances for metabolism (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to cells and to remove metabolic waste products and carbon dioxide, regulation of body temperature and fluid balance, and protect the body from infections. Blood vessels simply aid the transportation of blood throughout the body, simply in and out of the heart. Spleen on its part is the largest lymphatic organ and functions as the blood filtration system and reservoir, site for fetal hematopoiesis, and mounts immune responses that act against invading infections. Bone marrow is another important component of the hematologic system, and its role is to synthesize new blood cells (Red blood cells white blood cells, and platelets) that constitute a healthy blood count while the liver functions by detoxifying the blood (Colbert, 2009).
53). The thymus bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, appendix, tonsils, adenoids and lungs are all organ’s of the immune system.
The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology).
To be able to determine which task the immune system needs to take to fight off the pathogen, it must be able to differentiate between self and non-self-substances. The immune system gets activated by the non-self-substances called antigens. The antigens attach to special receptor sites on defense cells which starts cell processes. If the body has come in contact with the antigen before, it will be able to respond to it more quickly (PubMed Health).
Within the lymph vessels, the lymph is screened and checked for pathogenic organisms, bacteria and dead cells at sites along the vessel network called lymph nodes. There are many lymph nodes within the vessel network of varying sizes that have numerous vessel entry points, but only one exit vessel point per node. There are 4-5 nodes per vessel and after the lymph has been screened by the first node, it travels onto the second, third etc., and can pass through as many as 8 before it reaches the subclavian ducts. This allows the nodes to analyse the lymph and act accordingly. If the node detects a pathogen, it releases antibodies called lymphocytes (white blood cells) to attack the foreign body and destroy it. The node also ...
The third line of defence in the body's immune response is the specific response. If there are still any pathogens in the body after the first responses have occurred they are targeted according to their type by the third defence. This third defence is a specific immune response, and it produces and binds protein molecules know as an antibodies to specifically target an antigen - which is typically a pathogen itself or a marker molecule on the surface of the pathogen. When the body becomes infected with a pathogen, certain antibodies are created by the third defence to attack that pathogen. Once these antibodies have been produced to fight off specific antigens they are remembered by the body and if the same antigen tries to invade again, it is instantly targeted and destroyed, as the body is now
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
...the T-cell can either produce antibodies, or can kill the cell entirely. There are a few types of T-cells namely, helper t-cells- which release cytokins to stimulate other lymphocytes to help isolate the antigen. The second is cytotoxic T-cells which are a CD8 co receptor and have the ability to kill antigens directly. These two cells plus Leukocytes are what in turn run our immune cells.
When functioning properly, the immune system identifies a variety of threats, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, and distinguishes them from the body’s own healthy tissue. The major components of the immune system include: lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, lymphocytes, thymus, and leukocytes. Lymph nodes are small bean shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease and are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system and the immune system are very closely related. Lymph nodes also contain a clear fluid that carries cells to different parts of the body. When the body is fighting off infection lymph nodes can become enlarged and swollen and even feel sore. For example, when the body is trying to fight off an infection you may notice that the lymph nodes around your neck which are located under your ears become
The innate immune system gets its name and function from being with us from the beginning of our lives (“Introduction to Immunology Tutorial…”, 2000). What I mean by this is that there are certain barriers that immediately know when a foreign invader has entered the body, and the body will respond quickly to that foreign invasion. External barriers include the skin, and the workings of the mucous membranes in body openings. Inside an individual’s body, we find there are several white blood cells, which are called defensive cells, and certain substances
Our blood is able to connect all our organs together to create one organism and is able to transport the most vital and important molecules through these blood streams. Hence, blood cells are needed for immune system function and metabolic functions.
Many people are curious why they are allergic and others are not. The answer to this is that allergies are genetic in almost all cases. Scientists and researchers believe that people inherit a tendency to be allergic, although not to any specific allergen. Children are much more likely to develop allergies if their parents have allergies. Interestingly, people with year-round (perennial) allergies commonly develop the problem as adults, and are more likely to be women than men. Symptoms can lessen as you get older, but they rarely completely disappear without treatment.
It is understandable when a child cannot be vaccinated because they are either immunocompromised or allergic to the vaccine. These children cannot handle the living attenuated virus in the vaccine because they do not have the antibodies to defend their body from foreign bacteria or viruses. If the child is allergic to the vaccine it is reasonable why they cannot receive the vaccine. It is obvious why parents do not want to put their child’s health at risk.