Introduction
Lag time, is the time accumulated when the source message starts and the target message is relayed in the target language, and has challenged me as an interpreter. During practicum, where students apply our skills as interpreters-in-training I was forced to address the challenges I face with lag time. I was curious about the reasons that this was affecting my work. Therefore, I have chosen to focus the correlation between message accuracy and the errors that occur depending on the amount of lag time. For novice interpreters leaving the comforts of the controlled interpreting settings staged in the classroom can be scary. I feel that as we begin to venture out into the world outside of the classroom, maintaining an appropriate amount of lag time while interpreting is challenging, but one that can be overcome.
Understanding the affects of lag time on successful interpretation can help the field of interpreting in developing strategies and learning tools to resolve and/or minimize issues of lag time. These strategies and tools can also be utilized in interpreting education programs to help students identify and strengthen their use of lag time. By addressing these issues in interpreting programs, students will more easily acclimate from the classroom to working in the field of interpreting.
Demands of lag time
Cokely (1992) states that there are a variety of processing models used to help understand the process of interpreting. However, while the variety of process models have subtle differences in factors and characteristics, these models share a view that interpreting is a “complex cognitive process” (p.185). The basic interpretation process model depends upon input of the source language over which the interpre...
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...on: A Sociolinguistic Model. (pp.185-208). Burtonsville: Linstok Press.
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Kopke, B., Nespoulous J. (2006). Working memory performance in expert and novice interpreters. Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting, 8(1), 1-23.
Liu, M., Schallert, D. L., & Carroll, P. J. (2004). Working memory and expertise in simultaneous interpreting. Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting, 6(1), 19-42.
Petite, C. (2005). Evidence of repair mechanisms in simultaneous interpreting: A corpus-based analysis. Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting, 7(1), 27-49.
In the process of this experiment, there were a total of two bilingual aphasics and eight monolingual aphasics who were tested through nine different EF test batteries to measure their level of EF which includes behavioural inhibition (response inhibition & interference control), working memory, planning/problem solving and reconstitution. The nine EF test batteries consists of the Stroop Color Word Test, Trail Making Test, Self-Ordered Pointing Test, Complex Figures, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of London, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Five Point Test and Design Fluency. The main focus of the experimentation was to test these 10 different individuals through conversation to investigate their EF profiles. To attain these results, each
Through analysis of the results, it may initially seem that the experimental hypothesis is supported. The encoding category shows that there is no significant main effect between recall scores for visual and auditory encoding preference subjects. The learning instruction method factor however, shows that performance between the two groups has a highly significant main effect at the 1% level. It can also be seen from Table 2. and the profile plot in Figure 1. that there is a significant interaction (at the 5%) between the visual and auditory encoding groups across the imagery and sentence conditions. This in turn suggests that the experimental hypothesis cannot be wholly accepted.
As the field of healthcare has changed, new diseases and disorders have developed. It is impossible for one doctor to know how to recognize and treat every disease in the world. With evidence-based guidelines, they can come close. These guidelines may not have a perfect success rate, but they can make diagnosing illness easier.
Effective communication with local populace had a direct impact on mission success. Interpreters assigned by Texas A&M University were from the Laredo area which clearly increased cultural awareness, credibility and trust among the Civil Affairs Teams and local populace. Interpreters provided a solid leverage between communication skills
In conclusion, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory in response to the multi store model and introduced four mechanisms involved; the phonological loop, visual-spaital sketchpad, episodic buffer and the central executive. The four components are also largely supported by a good wealth of evidence (in Smith, 2007).
The levels of processing have become a central phenomenon in cognitive psychology in the last several decades. In everyday tasks, one may not realize that he or she is using the semantic processing for deeper analysis of the story. For example, when reading a novel, it comes naturally and is most likely stored into long-term memory for recall (Craik& Lockhart, 1972, p. 680); that way when the person is discussing about that novel in conversation, it is easy to remember important facts or characters without having to go back and confirm. Craik and Lockhart (1972), as cited in Glanzer, 1972, p. 680) highlighted that in free recall, variables such as presentation rate, and word frequency, affect long-term but not short-term retention. In a positive and negative recall in both incidental and intentional learning environments performed by Craik & Tulving (1975, pg.276), it was concluded that deeper level processing requires more time, but the qualitative nature of the task determines the level of recall. As a result attention is required when focusing on a certain task.
For centuries, deaf people across the globe have used sign language to communicate, mostly using it privately in their own homes as a part of everyday life. Just recently, in the early ‘60s, professional linguists had discovered new truths concerning sign language and its native users. The news of these truths spread like wildfire and, thus, many turned their attention to sign language and the deaf community. With a horde of hearing people and deaf people needing to interact and exchange information with each other, how would they do so with a large-scale communication barrier? Because of this issue, the art of sign language interpreting was born. Although at first glance it seems effortless, sign language interpreting is quite a complex process
Discuss the focus of the session with the interpreter before the youth arrives; be clear about what the interpreter should convey to the
Keil, F. C. and Wilson, R. A. (1999) The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: The MIT Press
Speech errors serve as a window to investigate speech production and arrangement of language elements in the brain. Gary S. Dell and Peter A. Reich (1980) said that one of the best way to find out how a system is constructed is if that system breaks. Speech errors as a linguistic phenomenon has been the topic of many linguistic researches. It can be investigated as an evidence for linguistic change as well. Bussmann and Hadumod (1996) in the Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics defines speech errors as " (Latin: lapsus linguae), is a deviation (conscious or unconscious) from the apparently intended form of an utterance." (449).
Working Title: Working toward better memory: will learning a second language help your working memory?
Many people interact verbally as well as nonverbally. However, two major roles are present when verbally communicating. In order to effectively communicate, one must know how to speak adequately as well as listen efficiently. Listening is the main focus since according to the textbook, the average person spends more time listening than anything else. Listening is described as the “process of selecting, attending to, creating meaning from, remembering, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages.” Though listening is such an effective part of communicating, it a skill that can greatly be improved in my
This paper will explain the process we, as humans usually follow to understand a certain text or utterance. This explanation would be achieved through the analysis of two journal articles from semantics and pragmatics perspective, taking into account a range of techniques associated with each of the two concepts including:
Dynel, M. (2011). Turning speaker meaning on its head: Non-verbal communication and intended meanings. Pragmatics & Cognition, 1 (3), 422-447.
Just, M.A., & Carpenter, P.A. (2010). The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.