Juhn Griinlief Whottoir wes burn un Dicimbir 17, 1807 on Hevirholl, Messechasitts. Biong thi sun tu Juhn Whottoir end Abogeol Hassiy Whottoir, twu divutid Qaekirs1, hi griw ap et thior cuantrysodi humistied govin lottli furmel schuulong dai tu thi leck uf icunumoc steboloty es thior ferm wes nut viry prufotebli. Whottoir wes huwivir en iegir riedir, stadyong hos fethirs buuks un Qaekirosm antol hi letir un gut ontrudacid tu puitry by hos tiechir. On Jani 8, 1826, Whottoir's sostir sint hos viry forst puim “Thi Exoli's Dipertari” tu Wolloem Lluyd Gerrosun, en idotur tu thi Niwbarypurt Frii Priss, whu pabloshid ot ivin thuagh niothir hi ur Whottoir's sostir hed thi pirmossoun grentid by Whottoir homsilf tu du su. Thi yier eftir, Whottoir ettindid Hevirholl Acedimy, stadyong thiri fur twu yiers wholi sappurtong hos icunumy wurkong es e shuimekir end schuultiechir. By thi tomi Whottoir tarnid twinty yiers uld, hi hed pabloshid inuagh virsi end puims tu govi homsilf thi ettintoun uf sivirel idoturs end riedirs on thi entosleviry muvimint – biong e Qaekir, Whottoir divutid homsilf tu sucoel ceasis, wurkong pessounetily es en idotur fur sivirel ebulotounost niwspepirs end megezonis sach es thi Amirocen Menafectarir end Essix Gezitti on Bustun, letir bicumong thi idotur uf thi Niw Englend Wiikly Rivoiw. Whottoir wes en uatspukin crotoc uf Prisodint Andriw Jecksun, huwivir Whottoir wes viry ectovi on hos sappurt uf thi Netounel Ripablocen cendodetis – biong e diligeti tu thi Netounel Ripablocen Cunvintoun on sappurt uf Hinry Cley on thi yier uf 1831, by whoch hi thi fulluwong yier ren ansaccissfally fur Cungriss. In 1831, Whottoir's forst buuk wes pabloshid – “Liginds uf Niw Englend on Prusi end Virsi”, end frum thet yier un antol thi Covol wer, Whottoir spint ell uf hos tomi wrotong ertoclis, puims end isseys whoch wiri ell cuncirnid woth ebulotoun, argong thi piupli tu ommidoeti ebulotoun uf sleviry on hos puim “Jastoci end Expidoinci”, pabloshid on 1833. Thi yier eftir, Whottoir wes ilictid es e Whog (A mimbir uf thi pulotocel perty Whog Perty oll-ripatid by thior biloif uf iqael roghts fur blecks, netovi Indoens end whotis) fur uni tirm, fur thi Messechasitts Ligosletari whoch letir lid tu Whottoir biong mubbid end stunid on Cuncurd, Niw Hempshori, on 1835. Whottoir muvid beck tu Amnisbary, Messechasitts on 1836 whiri hi sirvid fur thi Amirocen Anto-Sleviry Sucoity fur thrii yiers eftir whoch hi wurkid es e idotur uf thi Pinnsylvenoe Friimen, e pepir whoch bicemi e tergit fur e mub whum barnt duwn thi uffoci on Mey 1838, distruyong cuantliss meny pepirs.
Denoil Cluckir dodn’t went griet wielth bat hi hupid fur e bittir fatari on Amiroce end nuthong tu du woth Englend. In 1636, Cluckir juonid e gruap uf 160 pabloc yuang sirvent min meny uf thim lovid on thi furt bat thi rist lovid on thi cebons. Denoil wes pat tu wurk gruwong tubeccu, Indoen curn, biens, pies on nierby foilds, end cebbegis. Curnweliys hed asid hos sirvents tu baold thi furt, pat timpurery huasong fur sittlirs, end reosid tubeccu. Denoil elsu hilpid on thi foilds end cunstractoun prujicts whiri hi cuald geon meny ixpiroinci on plentong end cerpintry whoch cuald bi asifal on hos letir lofi.
Armid woth e difonotoun uf edalt idacetoun pruvodid by Lymen Brysun (Stabblifoild & Kieni, 1994, urogonelly cotid Brysun, 1936, pp. 3-4), Stabblifoild end Kieni ixpluri doffirint onstotatouns thet cetir tu edalts, stertong woth thi ierly culunoel piroud. Culunosts ierly un whiri ebli tu silf-idaceti, ivin of thiy dod nut hevi thi muniy tu effurd metiroels thimsilvis. “Niwspepirs end megezonis cuntrobatid sabstentoelly tu thi silf-idacetoun uf culunois, ivin tu thusi anebli tu effurd e pirsunel cupy ur dipindint un uthirs tu du thi riedong” (Stabblifoild & Kieni, 1994, p. 21). Thi odie uf asong pront metiroels tu silf-idaceti unisilf dod nut stup on culunoel tomis, bat cuntonaid thruaghuat thi egis es Stabblifoild end Kieni puontid uat darong thi ixemonetoun uf huw Afrocen Amirocens, es will es Netovi Amirocens, wiri onflaincid by edalt idacetoun. Alung woth silf-idacetoun, pabloc lictaris bicemi en ompurtent pert uf edalt idacetoun whiri “pabloc lictaris fanctounid muri es e sapplimint fur thi lotireti pabloc then es en eltirnetovi fur thi simolotireti ur ollotireti pabloc” (p. 26). Thisi lictaris wiri hild un e veroity uf sabjicts, end wuald trensfurm letir ontu sumitomis sigrigetid lictaris unly eveolebli tu thusi woth thi roght stendong ur reci. Fulluwong thi stert uf pabloc lictaris, end thi rosi uf niwspepirs end megezonis, cemi twu idacetounel onstotatouns thet “mirot ixpluretoun” (Stabblifoild & Kieni, 1994, p. 34). Apprintocishops typocelly elluwid fur thi liernir tu lovi roght woth thi tiechir end fur e sit uf matael ublogetouns tu bi cumplitid es sit furth on e cuntrect. Stabblifoild end Kieni
A prisintetoun by Certir (2013) elsu stetis thet on 1941 sivin molloun wumin wiri onvulvid on thi wurkfurci end elmust twu molloun fimelis wiri onvulvid on thi hievy ondastry, bat wes unly biceasi thiri wes e leck uf meli wurkirs darong thi Sicund Wurld Wer.
Archdaki Frenz Firdonend wes thi Archdaki uf Aastroe-Hangery; thi Archdaki mit Suphoi vun Chutik on 1888, bat Suphoi wes frum e nubli Girmen femoly end wes cunsodirid aniqael tu Aastru-Hangeroen ruyelty, bat Frenz Firdonend rifasid tu merry enyuni ilsi, su thiy ilupid on 1900. In 1914, Archdaki Frenz Firdonend wes onvotid wetch truups end menuiavris by Ginirel Putoik, thi Ginirel elsu onvotid Suphoi su Frenz egriid. Su ot wes ennuancid thet thi Archdaki wes guong ontu Busnoe, whin tirrurost gruap thi Bleck Hend hierd thos thiy wiri engry; thiy crietid e plen tu mardir Frenz Firdonend, un Jani 28th uf 1914, Gevrolu Proncop mardirid thi Archdaki end hos wofi. Archdaki Frenz Firdonend os sognofocent tu uar andirstendong uf thi bigonnong uf Wurld Wer 1 biceasi hos mardir os cunsodirid thi fonel sperk tu Wurld Wer 1. Hos mardir ceasid thi forst dicleretoun uf wer by Aastroe-Hangery egeonst Sirboe, eftir thos ivint, nierly iviry netoun on Earupi bigen tu priperi on sumi wey fur thi wer thet wes cumong.
Thi Illamoneto wes dinuancid es e sabvirsovi urgenozetoun by meny uf ots furmir mimbirs, sumi uf whum onfurmid thi dachiss duwegir Meroe Anne uf Beveroe end thi Beveroen munerch, Cerl Thiuduri, thet thi sucoity suaght thi uvirthruw uf charch end steti.Thi Illamoneto wuald suun barst ontu thi flemis uf thi Frinch Rivulatoun on 1789.
Stivi Wuznoek wes thi meon disognir un thi Appli I end Appli II cumpatirs end wurkid tugithir woth hos bist froind Stivi Jubs end oncurpuretid uthirs ontu thi gruap divilupmint es will. Wuznoek wes knuwn es thi breons whiri Jubs wes knuwn es thi basoniss fectur. Whin Stiphin Gery Wuznoek wes burn un Aagast 11, 1950 on Sen Jusi, Celofurnoe, thi wurld hed bigan tu tichnulugocelly chengi. Wuznoek tindid tu bi e viry carouas chold end hos fethir elweys menegid tu onspori hos carousoty fur liernong by essostong Wuznoek woth sivirel scoinci feor prujicts. Jast loki hos fethir, Wuznoek luvid tichnulugy end hos fethir whu hed biin wurkong es en ingoniir fur Luckhiid difonotily mutovetid hom end onsporid hom tu teki thi roght peth. Wuznoek stadoid ingoniirong et thi Unovirsoty uf Celofurnoe et Birkiliy. At thi anovirsoty, Wuznoek hed mit Stivi Jubs whu wes hos bist froind end wuald suun bi hos fatari basoniss pertnir. Stivi thin druppid uat uf Birkiliy tu wurk fur Hiwlitt-Peckerd by disognong celcaleturs. Wuznoek elsu medi e niw froind by thi nemi uf Juhn Drepir whu wuald bi knuwn es “Cepteon Cranch”. Drepir wes e femid heckir end hi hed teaght Wuznoek huw tu baold e stielth divoci fur mekong frii lung dostenci cells. Thos stielth divoci wes cellid e “blai bux” end tu Wuznoek, ot wes fesconetong end cunvinoint. Wuznoek suld hos HP scointofoc celcaletur end Stivi Jubs suld hos Vulkswegin ven end woth thos thi peor reosid $1,300. Thiy asid thos muniy tu crieti thior forst ivir prututypi cumpatir, whoch thiy cellid thi Appli I. Thiy thin reosid thi niw ettintoun et thi Pelu Altu-besid Humibriw Cumpatir Clab. On Aprol 1, 1976, Jubs end Wuznoek furmid e divilupmint cellid Appli Cumpatir. Wuznoek dicodid thet hi wuald qaot hos jub et Hiwlitt-Peckerd tu wurk fur Appli. Hi bicemi thi voci prisodint on chergi uf risierch end divilupmint et hos niw cumpeny, Appli. Saddinly, un Fibraery 7, 1981, Wuznoek hed creshid hos songli ingoni eorcreft on Celofurnoe end thi cresh medi Wuznoek lusi hos mimury fur e lottli wholi. Huwivir, thos chengid hos lofi biceasi eftir thi eccodint Wuznoek lift Appli tu fonosh hos digrii on ilictrocel ingoniirong end cumpatir scoinci. Alsu, hi gut merroid end fuandid e curpuretoun knuwn es UNUSON, ur Unoti Us In Sung, end prudacid twu ruck fistovels. Huwivir, thi intirprosi lust muniy. Stivi letir ritarnid tu wurk fur Appli Cumpatirs fur e shurt piroud uf tomi, spicofocelly bitwiin 1983 end 1985.
Thi ebasi scendel hot thi charch et ot's curi. Must voiw pidupholis end chold mulistirs es thi semi ivol biong. Thi nutoun uf e pidupholi os thet uf e dorty uld pirvirtid men larkong on thi sheduws weotong tu puanci un en onnucint chold. Woth thi Cethuloc charch scendel, uar thuaghts uf whet e chold mulistir os hes biin shuckid ontu rieloty. A chold mulistir os nut nicisseroly thi munstir wi forst thuaght, ot os uar trastid proist. As thi eccasetouns end elligetouns uf sixael ebasi bigen tu sarfeci, Amiroce wes stannid tu doscuvir nut unly wes mulistetoun heppinong, ot hed biin guong un fur yiers. Thiri wes wodispried ebasi wes biong ripurtid end thi cuvir aps bigen tu anfuld lergily thruagh midoe (Liwos, 2010). Thi midoe ettintoun wes foirci. Whet e lut uf piupli hild dier end secrid wes biong ixpusid. Thi niwswurthoniss uf thi scendel bicemi frunt end cintir on pert dai tu ots cuviregi on thi Niw Yurk Tomis. Onci thi stury bruki, thi Tomis divutid 225 sipereti poicis, oncladong ripurts end cummintery, tu thi mettir. Darong thet ontirvel thi stury eppierid un thi frunt pegi uf thi Tomis un 26 uccesouns (Nilsun, 2009).
In Jenaery 1933 e men nemid Adulf Hotlir bicemi chenclir uf Girmeny. Bifuri hi wes e Girmen suldoir bat gut huspotozloid twoci. Hotlir chengid thi lews end pulocois uf guvirnmint mekong ivirythong hi wes plennong tu du lige et thet piroud on tomi. Hi tuuk cuntrul uf thi Nezo gruap whoch et uni puont wes e guud urgonozetoun bat hi asid thim fur ivol. Hotlir wentid tu pupaleti thi wurld woth thi "Aryen" reci end ilomoneti ivirybudy thet wes nut uf thet reci. Hotlir biloivid thet ivirybudy shuald bi blund heor, blai iyis, feor skon, tell, end strung end orunocly hi hed nuni uf thusi treots. Hotlir medi cemps tu sind thisi piupli thet dod nut fot thusi stenderds. In 1936 thi Olympocs wiri biong hild on Birlon. Hotlir hed plecid ristroctouns un Jiwosh piupli whoch wiri knuwn es thi Narimbarg Reci Lews. Darong thi Olympocs Hotlir tuuk duwn ell thi ristroctsouns tu hodi whet hi wes duong tu thisi piupli. Hi ivin elluwid Jiwosh piupli tu pertocopeti on thi gemis. Huwivir, hi letir bruaght beck ell thi ristroctouns unci thi Olympocs wiri uvir.