The Basics
A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way.
* Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more.
* The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more.
* The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned.
* When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand.
* This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator.
* The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward.
The types of jet engines include:
* Turbojet
* Turbofan
* Turboprop
* Turbo shaft
Turbojet
The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86.
...the shock waves created by a shift, which acts as a brake, slowing the turbo and requiring it to be spooled up again. We lose boost pressure but keep our turbo speed this way.
The air and gas mixture is then sent to the intake manifold, from there its sent to the intake valve.
1.Intake: The intake valve opens allowing fresh oxygen rich air mixed with fuel to enter the cylinder.
Hot air is taken into the chamber assembly from the remainder of the house through the come duct, affected by the blower across the evaporator to cool down, then pumped-up back to the remainder of the house through your home's duct system.
Air in the engine is cyclically heated (by an alcohol burner) and expands to push the power piston (shown in blue) to the right. As the power piston moves to the right, the yellow linkage forces the loose-fitting, red "piston" (on the left half of the machine) to displace air to the cooler side of the engine. The air on the cool side loses heat to the outside world and contracts, pulling the blue piston to the left. The air is again displaced, sending it back to the hotter region of the engine, and the cycle repeats.
Stirling engines exhibit the same processes compression, heating, expansion and cooling. Stirling engines operate on a closed thermodynamic cycle. Working fluid undergoes cyclic compression and expansion in separate chambers with varying volume. In a typical Stirling engine, a fixed amount of gas is sealed within the engine, and a temperature difference is applied between two piston cylinders. As heat is applied to the gas in one cylinder, the gas expands and pressure builds. This forces the piston downwards, performing work. The two pistons are linked so as the hot piston moves down, the cold piston moves up by an equal distance. This forces the cooler gas to exchange with the hot gas. The flow passes through the regenerator, where heat is
During World War II the quest for air superiority resulted in the need for better, faster aircraft. As a result, the jet engine was created. A simple jet engine can be described as a device that compresses large amounts of high velocity air which mixes with fuel, ignites, and then is propelled out the aft end of the aircraft. Able to keep itself going once started, the jet engine is truly a marvel of the twentieth century.
...o turn it back into a high pressure gas. The gas is then used to turn a turbine and a generator to produce electricity (Liquid Air Energy Netwrok, 2012).
The jet itself is a twin-engine speed machine. For every 1lb of plane the two engines can produce 1lb of thrust, pushing the jet at full after burner to speeds of 2.5 mach (two and ½ times the speed of sound) or 1875mph. To illustrate, that is like traveling from here to Las Vegas in less than an hour.
so they could compress the air at a much higher pressure so the engine can
The jet engine is a great mechanical piece of engineering. It has been used in almost all aircraft since its invention. This one improvement in aircraft allowed aircraft to fly higher, faster, and more efficient. The turbocharged engine invented by GE was the main building block for other engines. Since its invention, the jet engine has been the workhorse for all jet powered aircraft.
Firstly, the gas turbine engine operation begins with the air intake process. As of all internal combustion engine, oxygen is required to support the combustion of the fuel and the source of oxygen is from the fresh air that is taken in. Initially, the fan is rotated by a driving shaft that is powered by the turbine of the engine. A negative or vacuum pressure at the intake side is then created by the rotating fan. Next, the surrounding air is drawn towards the inlet and causes it to flow into the gas turbine engine inlet (Cengel & Boles, 2011). At the same time, the pressure on the other side of the fan is increased as it is compressed at a lower pressure ratio and causes the air in the outlet side of the fan to move fu...
This along with the lighter construction of a two-stroke makes it the preferred motor used in small vehicles and tools (Two Stroke Engine). A two-stroke engine is operated by first drawing the mixture of fuel and air into the chamber by the vacuum caused by the upward stroke of the piston. During the downward piston stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed due to the increased pressure within the chamber. The mixture is compressed in the chamber throughout the stroke. As the stroke ends, the intake port is exposed allowing the mixture to escape into the main cylinder, expelling the exhaust gasses in the process and some of the fuel mixture as well. Momentum then causes the piston to rise, compressing the mixture as another stroke is beginning. Once the stroke reaches its peak, the spark plug will ignite the mixture causing the fuel to expand driving the piston down thus completing the cycle while additionally initiating a new
Third, the liquid will enter to the expansion valve with the higher pressure and leaves with the low pressure.
1. Impulse Turbine:- In Impulse Turbine steam expands in fixed nozzles. The high velocity steam from nozzles does work on moving blades which causes the shaft to rotate. The essential features of impulse turbine are that all pressure drops occur at nozzles and not on blades. A simple impulse turbine is not very efficient because it does not fully use the velocity of