When comparing Italy with Austria there are not that many differences in Hofstede’s Dimensions. Both countries have similar high rates in masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and pragmatism.
Austria and Italy are considered masculine societies, which mean that both societies are highly career and success oriented and competition is an important matter. The possession of certain status symbols, which also get compared amongst colleagues or neighbors, expresses this.
The high scores in Uncertainty Avoidance index means that both societies do not feel comfortable in unknown situations or towards unknown things. Contracts or other official papers include many clauses and are written quiet formal. In business, Italians follow strict planning, which
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The pragmatism dimension describes “how people in the past as well as today relate to the fact that so much that happens around us cannot be explained”. In societies with a normative orientation, people want to explain as much as possible. Both countries are considered pragmatic cultures. In these societies people believe that truth depends basically on the context, situation and time. They have an ability to adapt traditions to change conditions. They are frugal and with propensity to save and invest. They are perseverant and focus on achieving results.
The principal differences between Austria and Italy are in Power Distance, Individualism and Indulgence scores.
Austria has a lower score on Power Distance than Italy, indicating a less hierarchical business structure with a strong participative communication style. Many things are done equally in both countries especially looking at the northern parts of Italy compared to Austria. One main mismatch still exists. This is the way of talking and expressing things. Austrians are more introverted and speak formally and strict about the business topics. Italians on the other hand, gesture a lot and put many emotions in the way of talking and the topics they address. People doing business in the other country should be aware of this
In the essay “Beautiful Friendship: Masculinity & Nationalism in Casablanca”, Peter Kunze lavishly explains the magnificence of Michael Curtiz’s 1942 film Casablanca. Kunze focuses on how the movie not only highlights an exchange of relationships, but how the film has an underlying meaning between these relationships. He also implies that there is a more complex meaning behind every character in regards to their gender, economic, and social roles. The overall thesis of his reading is “the patriarchal ideology underlying the narrative commodifies Ilsa, leading Rick to exchange her with other men in an act of friendship and solidarity as well as to dissuade any perception of queerness between the strong male friendships in the narrative” (Kunze
Next, we will discuss the Risorgimento, a 19th-century movement for unification of Italy that would ultimately establish the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Before this time, the Italian peninsula
Ginsborg P (1990). ‘A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics: 1943-1980’ Published by Penguin; Reprint edition (27 Sep 1990).
Hofstede’s theory can be related to Chapter 7 of The Outliers. In the text, Hofstede has six value dimensions: individualism/collectivism/ uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity, long-term/short-term orientation, and indulgence/restraint. According to Hofstede, these dimensions are influenced and changed by culture. Chapter 7 in The Outliers is called the ethnic theory of plane crashes. This was a both interesting and frustrating read as the plane crash could have been avoided if communication had been better.
In one of our class discussions on hegemonic masculinity, we attempted to define a general list of characteristics or behaviors that one should have in order to attain this ideal. However, there was no consensus on these qualities. Frequently, the qualities that we would suggest would be those that were the opposite of qualities associated with women. For example, if we would categorize being emotional as a trait assigned to women, we would assign the trait of being impassive to men. This would also occur when we considered which behaviors would be considered masculine. While we assumed women would perform work inside of the house, we assigned men to work outside of the house, doing activities such as maintaining the yard or fixing the car. Most of, if not all of, the qualities and behaviors we assigned as being a part of hegemonic masculinity perpetuated the idea of gender inequality. When we assumed that those characteristics would be considered aspects of hegemonic masculinity, we restricted them to only being assigned to men because if a woman could possess those characteristics, it wouldn’t be considered a masculine aspect. This also explains how hegemonic masculinity can perpetuate
Brown, Gregory. "NATIONAL UNITY: ITALY (1848-1876)." NATIONAL UNITY: ITALY (1848-1876). University of Las Vegas, Nevada, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. .
Benito Mussolini enacted his population policy to place emphasis on the power and prestige of the homeland, having a high population to counteract the losses in the first World War. To begin, he enacted parliamentary decrees, calling for a personal tax on bachelors to fund the Protection of Mothers and Children (Doc 1). The emphasis on protecting the mothers and their children shows Mussolini’s need to reinvigorate Italy through a higher population. With the women and children surviving, Mussolini created a way for his population to keep rising. In a speech by Il Duce himself, he states that the working woman lowers the birth rate, thus depriving men of work and dignity (Doc 5). A tenet of fascism is the belief of masculinity, an idea that would be challenged by the notion of the working woman, which Mussolini did not believe in. In order for the man and the masculinity to be emphasized, they must not stick to the wayside of the working woman. Another notion of “female insubordination” that is addressed is shown in document 8. In this document, Paolo Orano describes how the working women resist the notion of marri...
With a score of 50, Northern Italy has a tendency to lean toward balance and a decentralization of energy and basic leadership. Control and formal supervision is for the most part hated among the more youthful age, who exhibit an inclination for
The Extent to Which Austria was the Main Obstacle to the Unification of Italy in the Period 1815-1849
Finotelli, Claudia, and Giuseppe Sciortino. "The Importance of Being Southern: The Making of Policies of Immigration Control in Italy." European Journal of Migration and Law. no. 2 (2009): 119-138.
The way an Italian family works is very simple, the women tend to the household duties and take care of the family, then the men are in charge and work to support the family. Everything that the women have to attend to includes cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. Arriving early for holidays is crucial for Italians mainly because the women have to begin cooking but also because of all the different food that has to be cooked.
Emergent ideas of individual interests held great influence over human behaviour and relationships between individuals in Renaissance era Italy. In Florence in particular, the ideas of antiquity that dealt with human interests began to press significant influence over the relationships between individuals. For example, Burckhardt examines Niccolo Niccoli, a man influenced by heavily by antiquarian ideas, considering both his attire and behaviour for their expression of individualism. For example, Niccoli dressed himself in long robes, spoke to others kindly, maintained bodily cleanliness and decorated his home with symbols of the classical age. The instruction that influenced this individual were drawn not from religious instruction, but rather
The differences in cultures between Sweden and Italy had already become apparent in 1993, when Pharmacia merged with an Italian pharmaceutical company, however the inclusion of the American company into a corporate culture which had only so recently been developed and accepted by employees of the companies involved in the original merger created further cultural confusion. “Communication problems, beyond the obvious language differences, became a real barrier to honest dialogue”. This quote, coming from one of the American representatives of Upjohn goes to prove that there was an obvious problem with the interaction between managers of the three countries involved in the deal.
...de when having trouble interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds. Both competent and intercultural communicators the same concept as to how to communicate effectively, but different methods to do it correctly.
Masculinity and femininity are two terms, which have been interpreted differently throughout history. Both the males and the females have responsibilities and duties but these duties differ based on one’s gender. Gender has played a prodigious role in the economy, politics, and the society. Everyone starts making interpretations of the strengths and weaknesses based on one’s gender. These interpretations are not always based on his or her ability but is usually based on his or her gender. Males tend to be judged as extremely strong and unfashionable in terms of appearance. Whereas, females are judged as expensive and very fashionable. Males and females both differ in their abilities and their enjoyments. Fashion, entertainment, and strength are three topics, which are used to define masculinity and femininity in the 21st century.