Introduction
Animals may be used for experimentation to gain knowledge about human diseases and knowledge on how to cure them. Animals like mice and rats share physiological and generic similarities with humans. Animal experimentstion is helpful for elaborating medical science.
In the past years, scientists have been discovering how to clone animals. They tried their best to make this possible, but failed to do so. Until in the year 1996, Ian Wilmut, an English embryologist, together with Keith Campbell, cloned a sheep which was named Dolly.
Dolly was bred with a Welsh Mountain Ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb was named Bonnie, then she produced twin lambs named Sally and Rosie, and she also gave birth to the triplets named Lucy, Darcy, and Cotton. In the autumn of 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly, but it was successfully treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.
Dolly was euthanized on the 14th of February 2003 because she had a lung disease and severe arthritis. She is a Finn Dorset, which has a life span of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly only lived 6.5 years. “Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease. Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.”
Scientists tried to clone different kinds of mammals including pigs, deer, horses, and bulls after a successful experimentation of Dolly. Some were successful, but some also failed.
This paper will explain everything about cloning: its kinds and methods, how it is done, and some of the advantages and disadvantages. ...
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• “Animal Research: The Ethics of Animal Experimentation.” Huntington’s Outreach Project for Education, at Stanford. July 6, 2010.
• “Cloning.” National Human Genome Research Institute. June 12, 2012.
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Loeb, Jerod M. “Human vs. Animal Rights: In Defense of Animal Research.” Taking Sides: Science, Technology, and Society. Gilford: Dushkin Publishing Group, 2011
The information that animals have provided scientists over the past decades has changed society, and is still changing society for the better. Millions of lives have been saved with the use of animal testing and many more will be saved with continued research. However, there are many who dismiss this monumental achievement completely and oppose the use of animals in laboratory research. Though many find this practice to be
Why do we have to use animals for research? Many humans and animals get the same illnesses because animals are biologically similar to humans. Animals have a shorter life cycle than humans and as a result, they can be studied throughout their whole life span or across several generations. According to information from the Office of Technology Assessment, it is estimated that between 17 and 23 million animals are used in research each year. Approximately 95% of these animals are rats and mice specifically bred for research and 4.25% of these animals include rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, fish, frogs, insects, and other species. Most importantly, only 0.75% of the animals in research are cats, dogs, and primates. Major medical advances have been made because of the research of these animals. (Animal Research 2013)
“Animals and Research Part 4: Ethics of using animals in research.” Editorial. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 20 Apr. 2000 <http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/anml4.shtml>.
Cloning is, and always has been an extremely contentious topic. To some, the ethical complications surrounding it, are far more promiscuous than what scientists and medical experts currently acknowledge. Cloning is a general term that refers to the process in which an organism, or discrete cells and genes, undergo genetic duplication, in order to produce an identical copy of the original biological matter. There are two main types of artificial cloning; reproductive and therapeutic, both of which present their respective benefits and constraints. This essay aims to discuss the various differences between the two processes, as well as the ethical issues associated with it.
The Roslin Institute, is known for being one of the world's primary research centers on farm and other animals. In 1996, Professor Wilmut, along with his assistant, Keith Campbell, made history by creating the first organism to be duplicated (cloned) from adult cells. Their creation infamously became known as Dolly, the first cloned adult sheep.
10. Love, Jamie, “The Cloning of Dolly.” Science Explained 27 November, 1997; 18 July, 2007
In modern society, animal experimentation has triggered a controversy; consequently, vast amount of protests have been initiated by the animal rights community. Although these organizations have successfully broadcast their concerns toward animal experimentation, its application continues to survive. Sally Driscoll and Laura Finley inform that there remain fifty million to one-hundred million animals that experience testing or experimentation throughout the world on a yearly basis. But despite opposition, animal experimentation, the use of experiments on animals in order to observe the effects an unknown substance has on living creatures, serves multiple purposes. Those particular purposes are: research of the living body, the testing of products, and the advancement of medicine.
Although not as strictly addressed, there is still a schism when it comes to the matters of experimentation involving animals. Those in opposition of it see it as being against the will of the animal, because animals have no say in the matter. However, through animal experimentation there has been vast medical advances in hospitals and veterinarians , research has led to cures for various diseases that would normally take many more years to cure, and the use of animals is highly ethical considering what could be the alternative, although there is progress being made to change these measures. This is how animal experimentation is of use to society for humans and animals.
Research on animals is deemed necessary to develop vaccines, treatments, and cures for diseases and to ensure that new products are safe for humans to use. “The development of immunization against such diseases as polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, pertussis, and hepatitis all involved research on animals […]” (AMPEF 1). Scientists have found many drugs by means of animal experimentation. To some people, animals are viewed as better test subjects than anything else. Scientists can control many aspects in an animal’s life such as their diet, the temperature, lighting, environment, and more. Animals are biologically similar, but not identical to humans and can form some of the same health problems. When these health problems are injected into an animal it can have the same physical reactions as a human could.
This is explained by Craig Freudenrich. He discusses this on the website HowStuffWorks. Freudenrich tells of how Ian Wilmut and his colleagues successfully cloned Dolly the sheep at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland. Dolly the sheep was the world's first successfully cloned mammal, cloned from an adult somatic cell. He writes how after Dolly, scientist have been cloning animals like cows and mice. “They rely on transplanting the genetic information from a specialized cell into an unfertilized egg cell, whose genetic information has been destroyed or physically removed.” (How Cloning Works) This information is very enlightening to anyone who questions how cloning works. Furthermore it secures the information needed to inform the general public of what they need to know to have a responsible and appropriate
been made possible but yet a majority of them have died in early stages of development or after birth according to the study of the cloned sheep, Dolly (Magalhães 1). Those who make it suffer from several defects acquired from birth (Magalhães 1). During recent experimentation it took scientist Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, and his colleagues who created Dolly (a cloned sheep) 277 tries before they got a healthy, feasible lamb (Human Cloning 1). Due to the complication of human cloning even more deaths and deadly birth defects can be expected (Human Cloning 1). Even though human cloning has never been performed, one likely possibility is that babies born through this process will as well feature lethal birth defects (Magalhães 1).
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1976. Call Number: HV4711.A56. American Medical Association. The “Animal Experimentation Benefits Human Health”. Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints?
Millions of animals are used to test consumer products, but they also become victims to experiments for medical research. In The Ethics of Animal Research (2007) both authors state that there have been many medical advances with the development of medicines and treatments as a result of research conducted on animals (para 1). These medical i...
Orlans, F. Barbara. In the Name of Science:Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation. New York: Oxford UP: Oxford UP, 1993.