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Essay on modern health hazards by pollution
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Summary and Conclusions
The present thesis comprises of three main chapters:
The first chapter (introduction), this chapter includes literature survey on:
1. The history, classification, chemistry and some applications of the polymer compounds,
2. The fate of heavy metals as hazardous environmentally pollutants, the general properties of the heavy metal ions, sources of contamination by heavy metals, natural sources and their toxic effects on human health,
3. The history, classification and the chemistry of the pesticides and their fate in the environment,
4. The use of polymeric materials for sensing of pollutants.
The second chapter (materials and methods):
This chapter is concerned with includes with the experimental part including chemicals, methods for preparation, the instruments used and methods of calculations.
The third chapter (results and discussion) which divided into four main sections:
Section (1)
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Viscosity Measurements of the polymethyl methacrylate samples. The viscosity average molecular weight of the polymethyl methacrylate samples is measured by using viscometer and calculated using the Mark-Houwink equation ([η] = 4.85 x 10-3M 0.80 mL/g (at 25oC)) and were found to be 268656.46 and 258519.86 for the doped and undoped polymethyl methacrylate samples, respectively. The molecular weight increased in case of doped PMMA than undoped PMMA confirming that the doping process had take place.
7. Providing an evidence for a chemical bond between the polymer and the complex:
The amount of complex incorporated into the polymer molecules determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectra of the polymer doped with complex in chloroform solution were compared to its monomer complex and depending on the relation of the fluorescence of the polymer to that of its complex, the percent content of the covalently bound was calculated. The experimental data concerning quantity of the complex chemically bound to the polymer is 73.69 %.
Section
The procedure of the lab on day one was to get a ring stand and clamp, then put the substance in the test tube. Then put the test tube in the clamp and then get a Bunsen burner. After that put the Bunsen burner underneath the test tube to heat it. The procedure of the lab for day two was almost exactly the same, except the substances that were used were different. The
First, A (3.348 g, 0.031 mol) and triethylamine (6.060 g, 0.060 mol) were added to a glass flask. Then, B (5.850 g, 0.030 mol) was added dropwise to the resulting reaction mixture over a period of 2 h, and the temperature was maintained at 5 °C. The reaction mixtures were carefully maintained at 80 °C for another 5 h. Finally, the reaction mixture was washed with diethyl ether, separated by reduced pressure suction filtration, and dried in a vacuum oven at 100 °C for 12 h to afford a white solid powder, namely, poly-N-aniline-phenyl phosphamide (PDPPD) in 93%
Experimental: The experimental procedure outlined in the OU Physical Chemistry Laboratory Manual was followed without any deviations.
This experiment involves performing various techniques, including heating under reflux, separation, drying, distillation, gas chromatography (GC), infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Heating under reflux is important to overcome any activation barrier of energy that may be present in order to complete the reaction.
The author describes each chapter with a surreal narration. It begins with “A Fable for Tomorrow”, which starkly declares a bleak future of every U.S village if they erred to use pesticides. “The Obligation to Endure” describes the lack of public awareness and how it would become grievous. She justly reasons that if the public might suffer from long-term misfortunes due to insecticides usage, they have a right to know the facts. Felicitous “Elixirs of Death” describes the nature of insecticides in three apt words. Chemical structures of common biocides are explained in an uncomplicated fashion. A series of three successive chapters is dedicated to Earth and its components. These chapters include the closely inter-connected ecological cycles, existing in the water, mantle and soil horizons. Pesticide dispersal in soil followed by its access into the ground water table and the waterways is an inconceivable process. The book promulgates the escape of biocides from their place of application, and their integration into natural bodies. All her chapters thereafter revolve around the various short-term and long-term effects of biocides on the biosphere. Rachel Carson had stated countless dire cases wherein complete ecosystems faced annihilation. The influx of detrimental chemicals extended their reach over animals and plants, and were causing human mortalities as well. Humans are a part of
When people use pesticides, they feel as though their houses and children are protected. Many people don’t see the down fall of using such harsh chemicals. Exposure to harsh chemicals can send your body in a downward spiral. Pesticides are everywhere, on the food we eat, on the building we sleep in, and even I the schools you send your child to. What is even more shocking is that many people don’t know that pesticides are in many household products such as oven cleaners, laundry detergent, floor polish, drain cleaners, and even arts and craft supplies.
...ortation of plants, fruits, vegetables, and animals. Indiscriminate pesticide use kills the good with the bad. Long term and wide spread pesticide use poisons underground water sources, which, in turn, poison plants, animals, and humans. And, finally, by our uninformed actions, new super races of pests continue to evolve and create even greater dangers than the original.
The procedure for this experiment can be found in Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual prepared by Dr. Virgil Payne.
== § Test tubes X 11 § 0.10 molar dm -3 Copper (II) Sulphate solution § distilled water § egg albumen from 3 eggs. § Syringe X 12 § colorimeter § tripod § 100ml beaker § Bunsen burner § test tube holder § safety glasses § gloves § test tube pen § test tube method = == = =
Refer to Chemistry Lab # 2 – Investigating Changes. No changes have been made in this experiment. Methods = == ==
"Pesticides." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 July 2005. Web. 20 May 2011. .
As time has progressed, there has always been an overarching need for high amounts of crop production throughout the world. With the rapid rate of population growth, the need for crops and other sources of nutrients is only increasing. In order to meet these high demands and increase yields, farmers and other agriculturalists have started implementing the use of pesticides. These chemical mixtures are being used in order to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pests from destroying growing crops. However, using pesticides on crops can create massive amounts of pollution, negatively affect an individual’s health, and can spark biodiversity loss within an ecosystem. According to Michael C.R. Alavanja, “Over 1 billion pounds of pesticides are used within the United States (US) each year and approximately 5.6 billion pounds are used worldwide”. With all this in mind, it is clear that pesticides should not be made available to farmers and agriculturalists, and should
The term “heavy metal” assumes a variety of different meanings throughout the different branches of science. Metals were firstly used by primitive man, which marked the beginning of modern industry and commerce. Earlier during the slow transition from the use of stones to metals various techniques were discovered for the metal extraction from their ores, and these methods were improved upon by early civilizations.[3]Elements fitting this description include lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium. Heavy metals can be defined as the naturally occurring elements that have a high at...
There are 2.5 billion pounds of pesticides being applied to agricultural products each year in the United States. This is ten times more than was applied forty years ago. It is still unknown as to what type of exact effects these chemicals may have on individuals. Some farmers that have been using pesticides in their fields and developed leukemia are finding that the cause of their disease is from inhaling pesticides. These chemicals are still in use today and most of them have never been tested for the short or long-term effects that they may have on humans.
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.