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Impact of World Trade Organisation on countries
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“This is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people no longer. It is a government of corporations, by corporations, and for corporations. How is this?”
– Rutherford B. Hayes
The above quote, written in 1888, is taken from the diary of Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). In this powerful statement, Hayes condemns the influence and sway large corporations held over the economic policies of his time and, in doing so, he questions the power of his nation’s government when made to operate in the same economic spheres as these companies. His comments, although written and concerned with issues that occurred more than a century ago, echo many of the concerns about globalisation and global capitalism that have been central to international debates and global discourse in modern times.
Opinions on the issue of globalisation range from the absolute to the sceptic but in most cases the power and relevance of nation-states is often called into question. On one side of the spectrum, hyper-globalisers forecast the rise of a borderless world where the authority of national governments is challenged by intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) and powerful transnational corporations (Ohmae, 1999). While on the other hand, sceptics refute the reality of globalisation by arguing that the current levels of world trade and financial interdependence are not unprecedented (Giddens and Sutton 2013). In place of globalisation, they propose the concept of internationalisation – which retains national governments as central players in global economic forums and sees regional trading blocs take the place of widespread global trade (Boyer and Drache 1996).
With these views in mind, I intend to arg...
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...al Institute of
International Affairs 1944-), pp. 427-452.
Smith, D., Solinger, D. and Topik, S. 2002. States and Sovereignty in the Global Economy. London: Routledge.
Stoudmann, G. and Al-Rodhan, N. 2013. Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive
Overview and a Proposed Definition. [e-book] Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP),. Available through: International Relations and Security Network (ISN) http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=19462 [Accessed: 18 Dec 2013].
Taleb, N. 2012. A Conversation With Nassim Nicholas Taleb. [Online] Available at: http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-03-15/opinions/36793756_1_nouriel-roubini-new-economic-team-economics-profession/2 [Accessed: 17 Dec 2013].
Therborn, G. 2011. The World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity.
...asserts “But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once better government.”
Mingst, K. A. (2011). Essentials of international relations. (5th ed., p. 81). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
The world of business is a dog-eat-dog world, some may win and some may lose. Large capitalist corporations take a great deal of revenue away from the local businesses. Big businesses dominate the American government and have much more influence and power than small businesses. By defining the importance of recognizing that big businesses has been dominating the government, by refuting those who claim that big businesses do not influence government practices and policies, and by presenting sound arguments and extensive research to show the damage big business has done to society and the influence it has on America’s governing body, one will be persuaded that big businesses has dominated the American government
Merlingen, Michael. European security and defense policy: an implementation perspective, (2008). New York: Routledge publishers.
Wall, Katherine. "The end of the welfare state? How globalization is affecting state sovereignty." global policy. N.p., 17 Aug. 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. .
Wendt, Alexander. “Constructing International Politics.” International Security. Cambridge: President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. 71-81. Print.
The role of a nation-state in a global world is largely regulated as a chief factor for global interdependence. We can say that nation-states are becoming less relevant in a globalised world due to technology and new movements for independence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains largely unchanged, states that were previously isolated are now forced to engage with one another to set international commerce policies due to increased transport and rise of TNCs. Through various economic imbalanced, these interactions may lead to diminished roles of some states and exalted roles of
The foreign, military and economic policies of states, the intersections of these policies in areas of change or dispute, and the general structure of relations which they create, are all analysed in terms of aspirations to achieve national and/or international security. Security is most commonly associated with the alleviation of threats to cherished values (Williams; 2008). However this is a definition that is undesirably vague and a reflection of the inherent nature of security as an ‘essentially contested concept’ (Gallie; 1962). Security in the modern day context has many key concepts associated with it: uncertainty, war, terrorism, genocide and mass killing, ethnic conflict, coercion, human security, poverty, environmental damage, health and of course the traditional notion of military security. Such concepts necessary generate unsolvable debates about their meaning and application because, as Richard Little points out, they ‘contain an ideological element which renders empirical evidence irrelevant as a means of resolving the dispute’. In this essay then I will attempt to explore the various contested concepts of security and explain how and why this contestation was derived.
Weiss, L. (1997),’Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State’, in New Left Review, September-October, 225 (1), pp. 3-27 [Online].
Globalisation can be construed in many ways. Many sociologists describe it as an era in which national sovereignty is disappearing as a result of a technological revolution, causing space and time to be virtually irrelevant. It is an economic revolution, which Roland Robertson refers to in his book ‘Globalisation’ 1992 pg 8, as “the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”. It is argued that globalisation allows the world to become increasingly more united, with people more conscious of ethnic, societal, civilizational and individual aspects of their lives.
Taking into account that states asses its strengths in order to adopt the most effective strategies to deal with potential menaces, westerns states understand the advantages of the aforementioned theory. The current threats that the Western world take into account are composed by local, regional and global menaces. To this paper it is essential recognise the scope of all of those elements that configure a threat to the West. Among many others there are drugs, crime, and terrorism, geo-strategic actors such as the Middle East and Russia, and growing powers such as China. These are complicated patterns that states need to strategically cope with. In fact, the security strategy from Western states is framed between the combination o...
Mingst, K. (2011). Essentials of international relations. (5th ed., p. 70). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
“The process of globalization and the increasing role of non-state actors in global governance are undermining the role of the state as the principal actor in global policymaking.”
An outstanding mechanism frequently used to interpret ‘Globalization’ is the ‘World Economy’. Back to the colonial age, the coinstantaneous behaviors of worldwide capitals and energy resources flowed from colonies to western countries has been regarded as the rudiment of the economic geography (Jürgen and Niles, 2005). Nowadays, the global economy was dominated by transnational corporations and banking institutions mostly located in developed countries. However, it is apparently that countries with higher level of comprehensive national strength are eager for a bigger market to dump surplus domestic produce and allocate energy resources in a global scale, thus leads to a world economic integration. This module was supported by several historical globalists (Paul Hirst, Grahame Thompson and Deepak Nayyer) ‘their position is that globalization is nothing new but more fashionable and exaggerate, a tremendous amount of internationalization of money and trade in earlier periods is hardly less than today.’ (Frans J Schuurman 2001:64).
Before we delve deeper into this topic, it is imperative to properly provide a definition of sovereignty and lay down some foundation on this topic. There are four different definitions of sovereignty – international legal sovereignty, Westphalia sovereignty, domestic sovereignty and interdependence sovereignty. International legal sovereignty deals with “the practices associated with mutual recognition, usually between territorial entities that have formal juridical independence” (Krasner 4). The main definition of sovereignty that this paper will use is the ...