Background
There is considerable literature indicating a link between particulate matter and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly individuals (Koken, et al, 2003). Particulate matter defined as any particle that measures less than or equal to ten micrometers (< 10µm PM10) or two point five micrometers(< 2.5µm PM2.5) that form from solid particles and liquid droplets. Most particulate matter forms due to vehicle admissions, industrials processes or wood burnings. Additionally, it has also been suggested that ultra fine particulate matter measuring less than or equal to 2.5 µm is considered more harmful to health than are larger particles in aerodynamic diameter because PM2.5 can penetrate deeper into the lung than PM10 (Park, et al, 2010).
Although ambient air pollution has decreased over the past several decades due to stringent air pollution control policies, there has been little evidence directly supporting the extent these control measures have improved public health (Tonne, et al, 2010). Investigative research has observed evidence to support the association of air pollution and particulate matter with increased cardiovascular events.
Further understanding of the mechanisms associated with these observations are necessary. It is important to further examine these associations with more specific end points that may suggest specific pathways (Zanobetti and Schwartz, 2005). The intent of this paper is to present an analytical evaluation of the data in the association of particulate matter and the incidence between cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Methodological Issues
Several reports have addressed the issue of weather and mortality; the factors of extreme temperatures are associate...
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(Simon and Levisohm 1987). Cardiovascular fitness helps to improve a healthy lifestyle. For this experiment the null hypothesis is that the intensity of the step rate test (High and Low) has no effect on the persons’ heart rate
Residents living closest to manufacturing plants and factories reap the most adverse health affect, however, hazardous air pollutants effect the ozone layer which effects everyone.
“In 2008, 21,000 Canadians died from the effects of air pollution.”(Geduld) Although most of these deaths are from long term exposure to the pollutants there was still “2,682 deaths caused from short term exposure.”(Geduld).“5.5 percent of cardiopulmonary (heart and lung disease related) deaths can be attributed to ground-level ozone exposure, which has increased over the past decade.” (David Suzuki Foundation)
Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for saving lives. There are a number of contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which may appear in the form of hereditary, behavioral, and psychological, all of which ultimately converge in social or cultural factors.
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The revised United States Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US EPA NAAQS) for Particulate matter PM2.5 and other air pollutants could be exceeded not only outdoors but also indoors. This is based on the different studies on indoor and outdoor particulate matter in the inner-city environment or even in the neighborhood of busy major roads.
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I found that the Particulates (PM 2.5) current is 53.2 micrograms per cubic meter, before one hour was 66 micrograms per cubic meter in my community. Similarly, Particulates (PM 10) current is 66.7 micrograms per cubic meter, before one hour was 85 micrograms per cubic meter. Similarly, Particulates (PM 1) current is 50.5 micrograms per cubic meter, before one hour was 63 micrograms per cubic meter. Likewise, Total Suspended Particulate current is 120.5 micrograms per cubic meter, before one hour was 110 micrograms per cubic
Air quality influences our health and environment. Protecting the public and the environment should be a primary goal of the environmental regulation. There are six pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter [PM], ozone, and sulfur dioxide. These are very harm...
Every other day a new industries are being set up, new vehicles on roads and trees are being cut to make way for new homes. All of them, indirect way lead to increase in CO2 leads to melting of polar ice caps which increase the sea level and pose danger for the people living near coastal areas. Pollution can have an impact in our health not only affects people with impaired respiratory system such as asthmatics, but very healthy adults and children too. Exposure to pollution for 6 to 7 hours, even at relatively low concentrations, reduces lung function and induces respiratory inflammation and, healthy people during periods of moderate
...tween exposure to particulate matter and respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Children, whose immune and respiratory systems are still developing, are more susceptible to the negative effects of particulate matter exposure, and are more likely to develop chronic respiratory diseases that a full-grown adult. Likewise, because these particles are so small, they can travel long distances and are able to affect regions far from the area where they were originally produced. Furthermore, fine particles such as these are particularly drawn to water and consequently contribute to acid rain, which can kill trees, destroy the leaves of plants, and can permeate soil.
These are some of the most common effects that come about with air pollution. In an area where there is more polluted air, you will be able to see that there are a lot of people that are getting treatment for these illnesses. With air pollution, there is more of a chance to get an illness as it slowly adds the kind of buildup that will accumulate in the lungs and this is what would make someone get the illness that would be because of the air
The report suggest that with air quality mitigation there will be significant public health benefits in the U.S. as 13,000 premature and 57,000 premature deaths will be avoided by the year 2100. Under the mitigation scenario, extreme death will be reduced by 64% in 2050 and by 93% in the year